Тheme of independent out-of-class work №1. Hygienic meaning of physical factors anthropogenic origin in the settlements.

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1. PURPOSE: research basic physical factors, affecting inhabitants in the modern settlements (cities, towns), their impact on a human health and basic preventive measures.

2.1. Student should know:

2.1.1. Physical characteristics and biological effect nature of physical factors (non-ionizing radiation, noise, electromagnetic radiation carried out from power lines, radio - transmitters, mobile objects), their impact on a human body.

2.1.3. Theoretical background, focused on harmful effects of non-ionizing radiation, prophylaxis.

2.2. Student should have professional skills:

2.2.1. Provide preventive measures in order to limit harmful effects of non-ionizing radiation on a body in the settlements.

3. QUESTIONS FOR SELF-PREPARATION:

3.1. Classification of non-ionizing radiation, depending on a wave length, unit of measurement.

3.2. Basic sources of non-ionizing radiation in the settlements.

3.3. Municipal noise: definition, sources, classification (wave characteristics).

3.4. Physiological basis, provided influence of noise on a human body. Hygienic standardization of municipal noise in the settlements.

3.5. Electromagnetic radiation: sources of internal and external irradiation (domestic appliances), general characteristic its impact on a human body.

3.6. Classification and basic preventive measures non-ionizing radiation harmful effects on a human body.

4. STRUCTURE AND OCCUPATION MAINTENANCE:

Student should research given materials, carried out in modern educational literature (textbooks, manuals, etc.), recommended in the higher medical establishments. For further research of theme student should read scientific literature (monographs and articles). In order to search professional literature, student used list of questions and references, in accordance with guideline. At the Self-Study training, student could get advice from the teacher. Self-Study preparation of students should be carrying out on the final module control.

LITERATURE:

5.1. The basic:

5.1.1. Hygiene and ecology / under the editorship of Corresponding Member of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, professor V. G. Bardov. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha publishers, 2009.

5.2. Additional:

5.2.1. "Sanitary norms of allowable noise in residential and public apartments» № 3077-84.

5.2.2. "State sanitary rules and regulations towards protection of population from impact of electromagnetic radiation" SSanR&iN-239-96.

Appendix 1

Scenario - based task "Hygienic meaning of physical factors anthropogenic origin in the settlements"

Measurement of noise levels in the health care centers wards, doctors' premises and in the territory of garden (green) zone was carried out by specialists of SES. It was determined, that main external source of noise is local road, located closely to the hospital. Equivalent sound levels (LAekv) dBA in the premises and the hospital, carried out from a mobile vehicle (measurements were provided at 10⁰⁰ a.m.): are the following

- therapy department chairman room - 45.5 dBA (maximum - 66.4);

- doctors' consulting room 46.5 dBA (maximum - 64.1);

- 4 beds ward - 48.8 dBA (maximum - 65.3);

- a garden (green) zone - 51.7 dBA (maximum - 69.9).

Visual inspection of transport zone near a hospital revealed, that it was made from stone blocks, carrying out regulated intersection, without restriction any type of traffic passage.

Tasks.

1. Determine an origin and carry out hygienic assessment noise levels in the territory and on the health care facilities premises. Predict the possible negative consequences its impact on the patients and staff health.

2. Recommend preventive measures towards harmful impact of noise on a health.

3. Carry out hygienic conclusion by the results of a given task.

Standard answer:

1. Main source of noise in the hospital is a road transport. Noise produced by motor vehicles classified: by a source - outside; by temporal characteristics – non-constant discrete; by spectral characteristics – wide-frame with low-frequency (up to 350 Hz) and average- frequency (up to 800 Hz). Equivalent and maximum noise levels in the territory of garden (green) zone and at the function premises of the hospital exceed maximum permissible levels (MPL), regulated by hygienic standard "Sanitary norms of allowable noise in the settlements» № 3077-84. Daily exceeding of MPL in the hospital interrupt treatment regime of patients and creates additional harmful working conditions for medical staff. Given mismatches of equivalent and maximum noise levels on 5-10 dBA should cause damage of a human ear, primary. Secondly, it should create a so-called "stagnant nidus" in the cortex of brain. Constant influence on a sick person, leads to the aesthetic and neurotic infringements, insomnia, blood pressure fluctuations, and, finally, to decrease the therapeutic effect, recovery.

2. In order to prevent noise impact from transport traffic on the patients and medical staff the following preventive measures should be taken:

- administrative, focused on a source of noise: revoke heavy transport traffic through the health care facilities; restrict other transport traffic at night time;

- architectural & planning: replace block-stone road into cutback asphalt; crossroads of transport traffic at night time should be carry out along boundary line of the health care facilities; build a fence along highway of the hospital as well as sound dampening screens; plant 2 rows crown trees along "red line" of a hospital, provide windows – oriented on the source of noise, with noise absorbing metal – plastic glass packet.

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