Classes and methods of processing of water. Basic schemes of waterpipes

Water of underground sources І class completely answers representations about good-quality potable water, specifications of its quality completely correspond to that for drinking water agree to ISO 4808: 2007 "Sanitary and technical requirements and rules of selection". Therefore it can be directly presented the population without processing. The waterpipe scheme in this case has the following appearance:

where: 1 - an underground source of water supply (pressure head or not pressure head waters);

2 - an artesian borehole;

3 - the pump І lifting;

4 - disinfecting;

5 - the tank of pure water;

6 - pump station ІІ lifting;

7 -water supply system.

Water of underground sources ІІ class can contain hydrogen sulphide of mineral origin, much more iron and manganese. It worsens it organoleptic properties and compels to apply special methods of processing (aeration, aeration with the further filtration). Besides, underground waters ІІ class can have raised oxidability and coli-index that are certificate of epidemic danger of water and demands its disinfecting before giving to consumers. Under these conditions the waterpipe scheme has the following appearance:

where:1 - an underground source of water supply;

2 - an artesian borehole;

3 - the pump І lifting;

4 - special methods of processing;

5 - disinfecting;

6 - the tank of pure water;

7 - pump station ІІ lifting;

8 - water supply system.

Water of underground sources ІІІ class can have raised feculence, increased chromaticity, much more maintenance of iron, manganese, hydrogen sulphide. Some underground sources contain excessive quantity of fluorine (to 5 mg/l). Coli-Index can reach 1000. For reduction of feculence and chromaticity of such water is necessary to spend clarification and discoloration by filtering with preliminary upholding. Hydrogen sulphide, iron and manganese delete by the method of aeration with the further filtration. In case of the fluorine raised, maintenance of such water is necessary to make defluorination. And for maintenance of epidemic safety water is necessarily disinfect.

Water of superficial sources І class. Superficial reservoirs with absence of feculence and less of water color, which does not have a smell, containing insignificant quantity easily oxidized, including organic substances which has slight increase of the maintenance of iron and rather low level of microbes, are carried to І class. Such water can be processed on good-quality drinking by filtering without coagulation or with application of small doses of coagulant substances and disinfecting.

Water of superficial sources ІІ class. To ІІ class of water sources belong water with more muddy and painted water which has a notable natural smell, contains slightly more than easily oxidized, especially organic substances, higher maintenance of iron, rather high level of bacterial pollution and contains significant amounts of plankton. Traditional methods of processing are comprehensible, to clearing of such water used: for removal of plankton - microfiltration, for clarification and discoloration - coagulation with upholding and the further filtering, coagulation with two-level filtering, contact clarification and obligatory disinfecting. The basic scheme of such waterpipe looks like:

where:1 - a superficial source;

2 - a ladle (a water intaking construction);

3 - a coastal water reception well;

4 - pump station І lifting;

5 - the chamber of clearing of a pressure which simultaneously carries out functions of the amalgamator of water with coagulant solution;

6 - the reaction chamber;

7 - a sediment bowl;

8 - the fast filter;

9 - disinfecting;

10 - the tank of pure water;

11 - pump station ІІ lifting;

12 - water supply system.

To IIIclass of the superficial sources which quality of water mismaches requirements of ISO 4808: 2007, by means of traditional methods of clearing concern water of such reservoirs: very muddy, intensively painted in yellowy-brown colour for the account of organic substances, has a strong natural smell, contains many easily oxidized, especially organic substances, the considerable maintenance of iron, high level of bacterial pollution and contains a lot of plankton (100000 kl/sm³). Except traditional methods of processing, additional steps of clarification, application are necessary for clearing of such water oxidising and sorbent methods, more effective disinfecting.

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