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The Absolute constructions




  1. The Nominative Absolute Participial construction

The weather being cold the children stayed at home.

The sun having set they made a fire.

The weather permitting we'll go to the country tomorrow.

He left the room the dog following him.

The Nominative Absolute Participial is a construction in which the Participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the Common case or a pronoun in the Nominative case which is not the subject of the sentence.

This construction performs the function of an adverbial modifier of cause, time, condition or attendant circumstances.

  1. The Prepositional Absolute Participial construction

It is formed of the previous construction by adding the preposition with at the beginning.

They walked in the park, with John smoking his pipe.
Они гуляли в парке, при этом Джон курил трубку.

With the number of refugees increasing, Great Britain will soon face a serious of over population.
Если количество беженцев будет увеличиваться, Великобритания скоро столкнется с проблемой перенаселения.

  1. The Nominative Absolute construction

It is formed of the Nominative Absolute Participial construction by omitting the participle of the verb to be.

He set at the fire-place, his favorite German Shepherd at his feet.
Он сидел у камина, при этом у его ног лежала его любимая немецкая овчарка.

  1. The prepositional Absolute construction

It is a combination of models 2 and 3.

With two thousand miners out, no ton coal was produced yesterday.
Поскольку вчера бастовало 2000 шахтеров не было добыто ни одной тонны угля.

 

 

Hand out #21   Discipline: Professional English Lexical theme: Wood frame constructions Credits:2 Grammar theme: Word formation   Assistant professor G.A. Tolynbekova

In linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word. Word formation is sometimes contrasted with semantic change, which is a change in a single word's meaning. The boundary between word formation and semantic change can be difficult to define: a new use of an old word can be seen as a new word derived from an old one and identical to it in form (see conversion). Word formation can also be contrasted with the formation of idiomatic expressions, although words can be formed from multi-word phrases (see compound and incorporation).

Contents

[hide]

  • 1 Types of word formation
    • 1.1 Morphological word formation
      • 1.1.1 Derivation
      • 1.1.2 Conversion
    • 1.2 Blending
    • 1.3 Calque
    • 1.4 Neologism
  • 2 Literature

Types of word formation[edit]

There are a number of methods of word formation.

Morphological word formation [edit]

There are two subcategories; words created by derivation and words created by conversion.

Derivation [edit]

Main article: Derivation (linguistics)

Derivation is the process of forming new words from existing ones by adding affixes to them, like shame + less + nessshamelessness. In cases in which there is a one-to-one correspondence between affixes and syntactical categories, this is known as agglutination, as seen in agglutinative languages.

Conversion [edit]

Main article: Conversion (word formation)

Also known as zero-affixation, conversion involves forming a new word from an existing identical one, like forming the verb green from the existing adjective.

Blending [edit]

Main article: Blend word

A blend is a word formed by joining parts of two or more older words. An example is smog, which comes from smoke and fog, or brunch, which comes from 'breakfast' and 'lunch'.

Sub-categories of blending are:

  • Acronym (a word formed from initial letters of the words in a phrase, like English laser from light amplified by stimulated emission of radiation)
  • Clipping (morphology) (taking part of an existing word, like forming ad from advertisement)

Calque [edit]

Main article: Calque

A Calque is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation; for example the English phrase to lose face is a calque from Chinese

A sub-category of Calquing is the semantic loan, that is, the extension of the meaning of a word to include new, foreign meanings.

Neologism [edit]

Main article: Neologism

A neologism is a completely new word, like quark.

Subcategories of neologisms include:

  • The eponym, a proper noun that becomes commonly used for an idea it is associated with, usually by changing its part of speech, like Xerox, Orwellian, and Stentorian
  • The loanword, a word borrowed from another language, as cliché is from French
  • An onomatopoeic word, a word which imitates natural sounds, like the bird name cuckoo
  • Formation using Phono-semantic matching, that is, matching a foreign word with a phonetically and semantically similar pre-existent native word/root

 

 

Hand out #22   Discipline: Professional English Lexical theme: Faux wood Credits:2 Grammar theme: Attributive groups   Assistant professor G.A. Tolynbekova

 

Faux wood

 

Faux wood, also called engineered or manufactured wood, is a combination of products, adhesives and veneers meant to resemble wood. Often less expensive than real wood, many fake wood varieties can contain harmful chemicals like formaldehyde. As technology improves, this product is becoming a better-looking substitute for real wood, and the processes for creating it are starting to become more environmentally friendly and advanced.

 

Particleboard is a type of engineered wood frequently used in furnishings. Constructed of wood particles, particleboard is mostly sawdust and wood chips, bound together with resin. The compacted substance is then coated with veneers that make it look like real wood, yet even with waterproof coatings does not stand up well to moisture. It is not advisable to use particleboard furnishings outdoors if you live in a damp or rainy climate. If breaking apart particleboard for some reason, it is advisable to wear a mask. Some people exhibit a sensitivity to the chemicals and dust that arises from the product, and may experience respiratory problems.

Another type of faux wood is hardboard, frequently found in construction and flooring. Somewhat similar to particleboard, hardboard is considered stronger and more durable. Wood-look laminates can easily be painted or glued on to hardboard, and it also serves well as a floor base for tile or vinyl floor coverings.

 

Laminated veneer lumber is stronger and straighter than regular hard wood. The product is created by heavily compressing many layers of thin wood strips. The wood is bound together with strong, resin-based adhesives and then coated to resemble real wood. Laminated veneer lumber is useful in construction as it is less responsive to weather or atmosphere changes and will not bend or warp as quickly as traditional lumber.

Large warehouse stores, such as Ikea, sell many faux wood furnishings. These pieces, while being less expensive than real wood pieces, also give the buyer added flexibility. Many chairs, tables and other furnishings are sold as bare wood, allowing you to coat or stain the faux wood to a color you desire. This can be a great help if you are trying to match the wood color of a furniture set you already own.

Using faux wood can be a great opportunity to save money on furnishings and construction. It allows flexibility in color choices, and allows you to make a matching set out of different furniture. As manufacturing processes continue to advance, the creation of faux woods may become not only more cost-effective, but also more environmentally friendly. For now, those with serious formaldehyde sensitivities or concern about the chemicals used in the manufacturing process may want to avoid faux wood products.

 

 






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