Comparative Chart of Vowel Phonemes in Canadian English, General American and RP 6 страница

or the beginning of a syllable, it is progressively voiced. In the second word /d/

ce.

TEMPORAL COMPONENT OF INTONATION /temperэ1 paunant av.inteti'neijW — it consists of pauses, duration, rhythm.

TENSE VOWELS /'tens 'vaualz/- these vowels are articulated wt
muscles of the lips, tongue, cheeks and the back wall of the pharynx made hard­
er by tensing, Traditionally they are long vowels: /b, cu, v, w, <s:l, ail snori
vowels are considered to be lax.,,,. 5„„_4.:_nn

TERMINAL TONE /'tammel 'taun/ - a change of pitch at the junction of two sense-groups. The American descriptivists use the term: clause terminal.

TIMBRE /'timba/ see TAMBER, TAMBRE.

TONE /teun/ - sounds may be periodical and non-periodical. «™ v
brationsof a'physical body are rhythmical, the auditory impression of periodic
waves is a musical tone, or in speech — a speech-tone..

TONEME /'teuntan/ - the toneme of a sentence or of a мпае-grottp в а
separate phonological unit, because it performs distinctive function, e.g.
\once — "never", 'not /once — "many times. ₄tunsst-

TONETIC STRESS MARKS /teu'netik 'stres,^^W - fhe marks suggest ed by R. Kingdon. They are placed before the stressed ^'e^JS in the same positions as the ordinary stress marks used in pbonetic *nnserg tions. They indicate the intonation as well as the stress. The advantage ош system is that it indicates high and low falling and rising ^tonöj£ Ä nw el and emphatic tones) in the text proper which enables the pupil to do without

^StaVTONETie TRANSCRIPTION /teu'netik trens'knpjenj'- tone and

stress indicators shown by placing special signs on an inlmed sea«,«^ j

between or beside the line of the text, These symbols are different, dashes ana

dots, small and big dots, wedge-like signs, etc. „н-иЫапг orfian.

«TONGUE Лад/ - the most important and movable ^аг.¹'^с"^1аХ4 dlffV

TONGUE TWISTERS /'Urj 'twists/ - short rhymes 1 /» |"

cult sounds and sound combinations are included. They are used as trainm_B

exercises in teaching pronunciation..

TONOGRAM /'taun3,grssm/- graphic representation of

„TRACHEA /trg'kfca/ see WINDPIPE.

/t'kj/ th system of sig

TRANSLITERATION ^traenzlita'reijan/ — the representation of the
sounds oJ one language as nearly as possible by the letters and letter combina­
tions of another language. For-ex ample, the Russian ж is represented in English
by the letter combination zh..,

TRIPHTHONG /'tnföürj/ — a vowel sound that consists of three elements, the first element is a diphthong and the second — a neutral vowel /a/. In slow, style they are pronounced as a two-syllable unit: /aus/ — /au/ + /э/.

TUNE ONE /'tjim 'wjui/ — a falling tone.

TUNE TWO /'tjrai 'Ы — a rising tone.

TWANG /twasrj/ — a sharp nasal quality of a vowel sound.

TYPICAL TONEMES /'tipikal 'tsunfcmz/ — they are hypothetical^ the following: terminal tönernes, pre-head tönernes, head tönernes, scale tönernes, pitch-level and pitch-range tonemes, rate-of-pitch-change tonemes.

UNACCENTED /'Anak'sentid/ — unstressed.

UNDERTONE /'jtndateun/ — a low tone of voice.

UNICENTRAL CONSONANTS /'jttni'sentrsl 'ktinsanants/ — conso­nants pronounced with a single articulatory obstruction (complete or incom­plete); e.g. /t, d, k, g, p, b, s, z, f, v, rj, h/.

UNILATERAL /'j mil'lateral/ —.the lateral sonant 71/ pronounced with only one side of the tongue lowered (usually it is the left side of the tongue).

UNROUNDED VOWELS /'jm'raundid 'vaualz/— vowels in the articu­lation of which the lips are not rounded la, e, i, aV.

UTTERANCE /'Atarsns/ — v.ocal expression of some idea. ' UVULA /'jttvjuJa/ — a fleshy conical body suspended from the soft palate over the back of the tongue.

VARIANTS CONDITIONED BY DURATION /'vsanants ken'dijend bai djue'reijan/ — quantitative variants of phonemes (positional and combmatory allophones different in length).

VARIANTS CONDITIONED BY STRESS /'vesnants ksn'diyänd bai 'stres/ — variants of phonemes which depend on positional (accentual) condi­tions, e.g../'peer ant/ — /pe'rentl/.

VARIANTS FREE ryeansnts 'frfc/ — two different allophones of a pho­neme pronounced in identical positions by one and the same or different speak­ers,

VARIATIONS STYLISTIC /.veari'eijenz.stai'hstih/— variations in the pronunciation of speech sounds, words and sentences oculiar to different styles of speech.

VARIETY /va'raiati/ — the term is used in connection with the vowels of low and broad variety.

VELAR /'vMa/ — the term is used in the classification о Consonants which are articulated with the help of the soft palate: velar nasal sonofant /rj/, velar stops /k, g/.

VELARIZATION /,vtlorai'zeifon/ - formation of the back-secondary focus which makes the sounds "dark" in tamber /w, r, Xl and the Russian /ж, ш/.

VELUM /'vfclem/ — the soft palate. When the soft palate is raised the air passes out of the mouth cavity, when the soft palate is lowered the flow of air is directed through the nasal cavity.

_u VIBRATION OF THE VOCAL CORDS /vai'breijen av бэ 'vsukl 'ko:dz/ —
... when the glottis is narrowed so that the tensed vocal cords approach escb
other or touch lightly, these'may be set in vibratory motion by the outgoing
breath pressure and brought together again by their own elasticity and by mus­
cular tension" (V. A. Vassilyev). —
. VISUAL AIDS /'vizju9l 'eidz/ — devices which serve to assist understand­
ing or memory by displaying what is to be understood or memorized in a vi­
sible form: charts, diagrams, tables, pictures, films.

VOCAL BANDS /'vault! 'baendz/ — elastic folds of membrane inside the larynx which vibrate to produce voice, see VOCAL CORDS.

VOCALISM /'vsukshzm/ — the system of vowel phonemes.

VOCOID /'vokoid/ — the term is used by the American linguist K. Pike to express the articulatory closeness of sonorants to vowels. Unlike contoid, a vocoid may form a syllable.

VOICE /vois/ — vocal tone produced by the regular vibrations of the vocal cords.

VOICED CONSONANTS /'voist 'tomsansnts/ — the consonants which are produced with the vocal cords brought together and vibrating.

VOICELESS CONSONANTS /'vdisIis 'kunsanants/ — the consonants which are produced with the vocal cords taken apart and not vibrating.

VOLUME /'vrcljum/ — force or Joudness of sounding speech.

VOWEL DIAGRAMS /'vaual 'daiagrsemz/ — schematic representations-of the system of vowels which are based on physiological principle (genetic prin­ciple) and which represent qualitative differences in the articulation of vowels.

VOWEL MUTATION /'vauel mju'tei/эп/ — umlaut, or modification of a vowel caused by assimilation to a vowel or semivowel (now generally lost)] in the following syllable, a vowel resulting from such assimilation has a mark • * placed over it.

W

WEAK VOWELS /'wfck 'vaualz/ — the vowels which are shorter and less-distinct, sometimes they are reduced to the neutral vowel /si. Weakening or reduction of vowels is a characteristic feature of Russian and English. There are-languages where vowel reduction does not take place (Japanese, Italian, Polish).

WIDENING THE RANGE /'waidmrj Öa 'remcfe/ — one of the emphatic-means which consists in deliberate, widening the pitch-levels of sense-groups.» WINDPIPE /'windpaip/ — trachea or air passage.

WORD /ws:d/ — in phonetics the term refers to the word as a phonetic unit.

WORD-STRESS or WORD ACCENT - every disyllabic and polysyllabic word pronounced in isolation has word-stress. It is a singling out of one or more of its syllables by giving them a greater degree of prominence as compared with-the other syllable or syllables in the same word,

WORD TONEME /'vraid 'tsunfcm/ — a distinctive movement or change oS pitch within the syllable. It exists in the so-called tone languages.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Маркс /f., Энгельс Ф. Немецкая идеология // Собр. соч.— Т. 4.

Энгельс Ф. Диалектика природы.— М., 1975.

Ленин В. И. Философские тетради.— М., I960.

Аванесов Р. И. Русское литературное произношение.— М., 1972.

Анпшпова А. М., Шахбагова Д. А. Методическое пособие по курсу тео­ретической фонетики английского языка.— М., 1968.

Антипова А. М. Система английской речевой интонации.—М,, 1979.

Ахманова О. С. Фонология.— М., 1954.

Балинская В. И. Графика современного английского языка.— М., 1964.

Березин Ф. М. История лингвистических учений.— М., 1984,

Богданова И. М. Текст лекций по теоретической фонетике английского ■языка для студентов-заочников МГПИИЯ им. Мориса Тореза.— М., 1981.

Бондаренко Л. В. Фонетическое описание языка и фонетическое опи­сание речи.— Л., 1981.

Борисова Л. В., Метлюк А. А. Теоретическая фонетика английского ■языка,— Минск, 1980.

Буланин Л. Л. Фонетика современного русского языка.— М., 1980.

Дубовский Ю. А., Карневская Е. Б. Нормативные основы английской речевой интонации.— Минск, 1979.

Зиндер Л. Р. Общая фонетика.—М., 1979.

Клычков Г. С. К архитектонике фонологической системы // Вопр. язы-жознания, 1983.—№ 6,—С. 73—81.

Кочергина В. А. Введение в языковедение,—М., 1979.

Панов М, В. Русская фонетика,— М., 1967.

Плоткин В. Я- Эволюция фонологических систем.— М., 1982.— С. 39—50.

Соколова М. А., Гинтовт К. Я., Кантер Л. А. и др. Практическая •фонетика английского языка.— М., 1984.

Степанов Ю. С. Основы общего языкознания.— М., 1975.

Торсу ев Г. П. Строение слога и аллофоны в английском языке,— М., 1975.

Торсуева И. Г- Интонация и смысл высказывания,— М,, 1979.

Торсуева И, Г., Брызгунова Е. А. и др. Интонация.— Киев, 1978.

Tpaxmepog А. Л. Практический курс фонетики английского языка.— Д., 1976.

Трубецкой И. С. Основы фонологии.—М., 1960.

Швейцер А. Д. Литературный английский язык в США и Англии.— М., 4971.

Щерба Л. В. Фонетика французского языка.—М., 1957.

Якобсон, Р., Халле М., Фант Г. 1. Фонология и ее отношение к фоне­тике, 2. Введение в анализ речи // Новое в лингвистике.— М., 1962.— Вып. 2.

Arakin V. D. The Practical Course of English (Second Year).—M., 1973.

Bronstetn A. J. The Pronunciation of American English.— Prentice Hall, 1960.

Chitoran, Dumiiru. Workbook in English Phonetics and Phonology.— Bucuresti, 1977.

Collins, Bavertey, Mees, Inger. The Sounds of English and Dutch.— Lei­den, 1981.

Crystal D. Prosodic Systems and Intonation,—Cambridge, 1969.

Davidov M. V., Egorov G. G, English Phonology. — M., 1971.

Fry D. B. Acoustic Phonetics.— Cambridge, 1976.

GimsonA. С An Introduction to Pronunciation of English.— London. 1964.

•Gleason^H. A. An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics.—N. Y., 1961.

■Jones D. An Outline of English Phonetics.— 9th ed.— Cambridge, I960.

Jones D. The Pronunciation of English.- Cambridge, 1967.

Kenyan J, S. American Pronunciation.—Ann Arbor, [951.

Kingdon /?. English Pronunciation Practice.— Longmans, 1960.

Klngdon R. The Groundwork of English Intonation,— Longmans, 1958.

Lieberman Ph. Intonation. Perception and Language.— Massachusetts, 1967.

O'Connor J. D., Arnold G. F. Intonation of Colloquial English.—2nd ed.— London, 1973.

Shakhbagova D. A. Varieties of English Pronunciation.—M.₍ 1982.

Sweet H. The Sounds of English____ Oxford, 1929.

Vassilyev V. A. eta!. English Phonetics.—M., 1980.

Vassllyev V. A. English Phonetics / A Theoretical Course.— M., 1970.

Ward I. The Phonetics of English.— Cambridge, 1948.

Учебное издание

Светлана Федоровна Леонтьева

ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ФОНЕТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

(НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ)

Заведующая редакцией И. Э. Волкова

Редактор М. А. Романова

Младший редактор 3. Ф. Юрескул

Художественный редактор В. И. Пономаренко

Художник Г. В. Куликов Технический редактор Э. М. Чижевский Старший корректор Н. А. Каджардузова

ИБ № 6510

Изд. Иг А-3. Сдано в набор 26.03.87. Подп. в печать 14.09.87. Формат 60x90/16. Бум. офс. Ws i. Гарнитура литературная. Печать высокая. Объем 17. усл. печ. д. 17, усл. кр.-отт. 17,61 уч.-изд. л.

Тираж 11500 экз. Зак. К* 667. Цена 90 коп.»Издательство!еВысшая школа», 101430, Москва, ГСП-4, Неглинная ул.,

Д. 29/14.

■Набрано в ордена Октябрьской Революции и ордена Трудового Красного Знамени М.ПО «Первая Образцовая типография» имени А. А. Жданова ■Союэполиграфпрома при Государственном комитете СССР по делай издательств, полиграфии и книжной торговли. 113054, Москва, Вало­вая, 28. Отпечатано в Московской типографии Jft 8 Союаполиграфпрома при Государственном комитете СССР по делам издательств, полиграфии и книжкой торговли. 101898, Москва, Центр, Хохловский пер., 7. Зак. 182,

Не нашли, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском: