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КАТЕГОРИИ:






Expressive means based on the violation of the traditional word-order




Stylistic Inversion. Word-order is a crucial syntactical problem in many languages. In English it has peculiarities-which have been caused by the concrete and specific way the language has developed. O. Jespersen states that the English language “...has developed a tolerably fixed word-order which in the great majority of cases shows without fail what is the Subject of the sentence.” This “tolerably fixed word-order” is Subject-Verb (Predicate)-Object (S-P-O). Further, Jespersen mentions a statistical investigation of word-order made on the basis of a series of {representative 19th per cent of all sentences containing all three members, while the percentage for Beowult was 16 and for King Alfred’s prose 40.

“Talent Mr. Micawber has; capital Mr. Micawber has not.” (Dickens)

The following patterns of stylistic inversion are most frequently met in both English prose and English poetry.

1. The object is placed at the beginning of the sentence (see the example above)

2. The attribute is placed after the word it modefies (postposition of the attribute). This model is often used when there is more than one attribute, for example:

“Win finger weary and worn...” (Thomas Hood)

“Once upon a midnight dreary...” (E.A.Poe)

3. a) The predicate is placed before the subject, as in

“A good generous prayer it was.” (Mark Twain)

b) the predicate stands before the link-verb and both are placed before the subject, as in

“Rude am I in many speech...” (Shakespeare)

4. The adverbial modifier is placed at the beginning of the sentence, as in:

“Eagerly i wished the morrow.” (Poe)

“My dearest daughter, at your feet I fall.”(Dryden)

“A tone of most extraordinary comparison Miss Tox said in it.”(Dickens)

5. Both modifier and predicate stand before the subject, as in:

“In went Mr.Pickwick.” (Dickens)

“Down dropped the breeze...”(Coleridge)

These five models comprise the most common and recognized models of inversion.

Separation is a syntagmatic phenomenon caused by communicative and sementic reasons.

e.g. He has never seen the truth before, about anything.

Thus in a split noun-phrase the attributive adjunct is plaaced at a distance from the word it modifies. The emphasis here of the attributive adjunct is observed.

Detached Construction. Sometimes one of the secondary parts of a sentence by some specific consideration of the writer is placed so that it seems formally independent of the word it logically refers to. Such parts of structures are called detached. They seem to dangle in the sentence as isolated parts.

The detached part, being torn away from its referent, assumes a greater degree of significance and is given prominence by intonation. The structural patterns of detached constructions have not yet been classified,but the most noticeable cases are those in which an attribute or an adverbial modifier is placed not in immediate proximity to its referent, but in some other position, as in the following examples:

1) “Steyne rose up, grinding his teeth, pale, and with fury in his eyes.”(Thackeray)

2) “Sir Pitt came in first,very much flushed, and rather unsteady in his gait.” (Thackeray)

Sometimes a nominal phrase is thrown into the sentence forming a syntactical unit with the rest of the sentence,as in:

“And he walked slowly past again, along the river - an evening of clear, quiet beauty,all harmony and comfort,except within his heart.” (Galsworthy)

The essential quality of detached construction lies in the fact that the isolated parts represent a kind of indepent whole trust into the sentence or placed in a position which will make the phrase (or word) seem indepentent. But a detached phrase cannot rise to the rank of a primary member of the sentence - it always remains secondary from the semantic point of view,although structurally it possesses all the features of a primary member. This clash of the structural and semantic aspect of detached constructions produces the desired effect - forcing the reader to interpret the logical connections between the component part of the sentence. Logical ties between them always exist in spite of the absence of syntactical indicators.






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