Ãëàâíàÿ

Ïîïóëÿðíàÿ ïóáëèêàöèÿ

Íàó÷íàÿ ïóáëèêàöèÿ

Ñëó÷àéíàÿ ïóáëèêàöèÿ

Îáðàòíàÿ ñâÿçü

ÒÎÐ 5 ñòàòåé:

Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ïîäõîäû ê àíàëèçó ôèíàíñîâîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ

Ïðîáëåìà ïåðèîäèçàöèè ðóññêîé ëèòåðàòóðû ÕÕ âåêà. Êðàòêàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà âòîðîé ïîëîâèíû ÕÕ âåêà

Öåíîâûå è íåöåíîâûå ôàêòîðû

Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà øëèôîâàëüíûõ êðóãîâ è åå ìàðêèðîâêà

Ñëóæåáíûå ÷àñòè ðå÷è. Ïðåäëîã. Ñîþç. ×àñòèöû

ÊÀÒÅÃÎÐÈÈ:






Íåîçíà÷åíèé àðòèêëü




Íåîçíà÷åíèé àðòèêëü à âæèâàºòüñÿ ïåðåä ñëîâàìè, ùî ïî÷èíàþòüñÿ ç ïðèãîëîñíî¿; òîä³ ÿê éîãîãðàô³÷íèé âàð³àíò an - ïåðåä ñëîâàìè, ùî ïî÷èíàþòüñÿ ç ãîëîñíî¿.

Íåîçíà÷åíèé àðòèêëü óòâîðèâñÿ â³ä ÷èñë³âíèêà one (îäèí) ³ òîìó âæèâàºòüñÿ ò³ëüêè ïåðåä òèìè ³ìåííèêàìè â îäíèí³, ÿê³ ìàþòü ôîðìó ìíîæèíè ³ ÿê³ ìîæíà ïåðåðàõóâàòè (a pencil, a ruler, an apple). ³í ïåðåäຠëèøå âêàç³âêó íà íàëåæí³ñòü ïðåäìåòà äî ÿêîãîñü êëàñó îäíîð³äíèõ ïðåäìåò³â. Ïåðåä àáñòðàêòíèìè ³ êîíêðåòíèìè ³ìåííèêàìè, ÿê³ íå ìàþòü ôîðìè ìíîæèíè, íåîçíà÷åíèé àðòèêëü íå âæèâàºòüñÿ.

Çîêðåìà íåîçíà÷åíèé àðòèêëü âæèâàºòüñÿ:

1. Ç ³ìåííèêîì - ³ìåííîþ ÷àñòèíîþ ñêëàäíîãî ïðèñóäêà: Ìy brother is a doctor.

2. Ç ³ìåííèêîì - ï³äìåòîì ï³ñëÿ çâîðîò³â: there is, there was, there will be.

There is a table in the middle of the room. (Ïîñåðåäèí³ ê³ìíàòè ñòî¿òü ñò³ë).

3. Ç äîäàòêîì ï³ñëÿ 䳺ñëîâà have: I have a brother.

4. Ïåðåä ³ìåííèêàìè â îäíèí³ ï³ñëÿ ñë³â such, rather, quite ³ ò.ä.:

She is such a good pupil.

5. ϳñëÿ ñëîâà what â îêëè÷íèõ ðå÷åííÿõ: What a good idea! Àëå: What beautiful music!

6. Ç äåÿêèìè ñëîâàìè: a lot, a few (ê³ëüêà), a little (òðîõè), a bit (òðîõè) òà ³íø³.

He speaks English a little- ³í òðîõè ðîçìîâëÿº àíãë³éñüêîþ.

7. Ó îçíà÷åíí³ ÷èñë³âíèêà one (îäèí) ïåðåä ÷èñë³âíèêàìè: a hundred - îäíà ñîòíÿ, a thousand - îäíà òèñÿ÷à, a million - îäèí ì³ëüéîí, a dozen - îäíà äþæèíà:

The library has a hundred books - Á³áë³îòåêà íàë³÷óº ñòî êíèã.

They have three meals a day- Âîíè ¿äÿòü òðè÷³ íà äåíü.

Ïåðåä àáñòðàêòíèìè ³ êîíêðåòíèìè ³ìåííèêàìè, ÿê³ íå ìàþòü ôîðìè ìíîæèíè, àðòèêëü íå âæèâàºòüñÿ.

Îçíà÷åíèé àðòèêëü

Îçíà÷åíèé àðòèêëü ìຠîäíó ôîðìó the, àëå âèìîâëÿºòüñÿ ïåðåä ñëîâàìè, êîòð³ ïî÷èíàþòüñÿ ç ïðèãîëîñíî¿ ÿê [¶], à ïåðåä ñëîâàìè, êîòð³ ïî÷èíàþòüñÿ ç ãîëîñíî¿, ÿê [¶i]: the book, the apple. Îçíà÷åíèé àðòèêëü ïîõîäèòü â³ä âêàç³âíîãî çàéìåííèêà that. Öåé àðòèêëü âæèâàºòüñÿ ïåðåä ³ìåííèêàìè â îäíèí³ é ó ìíîæèí³.

Îçíà÷åíèé àðòèêëü the âèêîðèñòîâóºòüñÿ äëÿ ïîçíà÷åííÿ ïåâíîãî, âæå â³äîìîãî ÷è çãàäóâàíîãî ðàí³øå ïðåäìåòà àáî ïîíÿòòÿ, à òàêîæ òîä³, êîëè ïðåäìåò ÷è ÿâèùå óòî÷íþþòüñÿ êîíòåêñòîì ÷è ñèòóàö³ºþ.

Îçíà÷åíèé àðòèêëü âæèâàºòüñÿ:

1. Êîëè ïåðåä ³ìåííèêîì ñòî¿òü:

à) ïîðÿäêîâèé ÷èñë³âíèê - He was the first to come. (â³í ïðèéøîâ ïåðøèé);

á) ïðèêìåòíèê ó âèùîìó ñòóïåí³ - This is the most beautiful flower (Öå íàéêðàñèâ³øà êâ³òêà);

â) îäèí ç ïðèêìåòíèê³â last, next, same, following: Answer the following questions (Äàéòå â³äïîâ³ä³ íà òàê³ ïèòàííÿ.)

Àëå: next door (ñóñ³äí³é áóäèíîê; ñóñ³äíÿ ê³ìíàòà), next week (month, summer, year, Sunday). (íàñòóïíîãî òèæíÿ (ì³ñÿöÿ, ë³òà, ðîêó, íàñòóïíî¿ íåä³ë³). last week (month, year, Saturday). (ìèíóëîãî òèæíÿ, ì³ñÿöÿ, ðîêó, ìèíóëî¿ ñóáîòè) òà ³í.

2. Ïåðåä ³ìåííèêîì, çà ÿêèì éäå óòî÷íåííÿ: This is the man I told you about (öå ÷îëîâ³ê, ïðî ÿêîãî ÿ âàì ðîçïîâ³äàâ).

3. Ç ³ìåííèêàìè, ùî îçíà÷àþòü ïðåäìåòè, ºäèí³ ó ñâîºìó ðîä³: the earth, the sun, the moon, the world, the sky òà ³í.

4. Ó âèðàçàõ: in the afternoon (ï³ñëÿ îá³äó), in the evening (ó âå÷åð³), in the morning (âðàíö³), on the left (ë³âîðó÷), on the right (ïðàâîðó÷), the other day (äíÿìè) òà ³í.

5. Ó âèðàçàõ òèïó the more... the better... (÷èì á³ëüøå...òèì êðàùå...), íàïðèêëàä:

The more we learn, the more we know (÷èì á³ëüøå ìè â÷èìîñü, òèì á³ëüøå çíàºìî).

6. Ïåðåä ïð³çâèùàìè, êîëè ìàºòüñÿ íà óâàç³ âñÿ ñ³ì’ÿ, âñ³ ÷ëåíè ïåâíî¿ ñ³ì’¿. Ó öüîìó âèïàäêó ïð³çâèùå ñòàâèòüñÿ ó ôîðì³ ìíîæèíè: the Browns (ñ³ì’ÿ Áðàóí³â, Áðàóíè).

7. Ïåðåä íàçâîþ á³ëüøîñò³ ãàçåò ³ ïàðîïëàâ³â: the Daily Mail, the News from Ukraine, the Guardian.

8. Ïåðåä íàçâàìè íàðîä³â (³ìåííèêîì ó ôîðì³ ìíîæèíè àáî ïðèêìåòíèêîì): the Ukrainians (óêðà¿íö³), the Americans (àìåðèêàíö³), the Chinese (êèòàéö³), the English (àíãë³éö³).

 

8. Ïåðåä ïðèêìåòíèêàìè ³ 䳺ïðèêìåòíèêàìè, ÿê³ âæèâàþòüñÿ ÿê ³ìåííèêè, ó çíà÷åíí³ ìíîæèíè: the poor (á³äí³), the unemployed (áåçðîá³òí³).

9. Ïåðåä íàçâàìè äåÿêèõ êðà¿í: the U.S.A (ÑØÀ), the Netherlands (ͳäåðëàíäè), the United Kingdom (Îá’ºäíàíå Êîðîë³âñòâî).

10. Ïåðåä íàçâàìè ð³÷îê, ã³ðñüêèõ õðåáò³â, ï³âîñòðîâ³â, ìîð³â, îêåàí³â, àðõ³ïåëàã³â: the Dnipro (Äí³ïðî), the Thames (Òåìçà), the Crimea (Êðèì), the Black Sea (×îðíå ìîðå), the Atlantic Ocean (Àòëàíòè÷íèé îêåàí).

11. Ïåðåä íåîá÷èñëþâàíèìè ³ìåííèêàìè â òèõ âèïàäêàõ, êîëè ìàºòüñÿ íà óâàç³ îáìåæåíà, ïåâíà ê³ëüê³ñòü ðå÷îâèíè:

Give me the bread, please. Äàéòå ìåí³, áóäü ëàñêà, õë³áà (òîáòî ìàºòüñÿ íà óâàç³ ïåâíà ê³ëüê³ñòü ÷è äàíà ê³ëüê³ñòü).

The water is frozen. Âîäà (òîáòî âîäà, ïðî ÿêó éäå ìîâà) çàìåðçëà.

Àëå: Water is a liquid. Âîäà (òîáòî âîäà âçàãàë³) - ð³äèíà.

12. Ïåðåä ³ìåííèêàìè â îäíèí³, êîëè îñòàíí³é îçíà÷ຠö³ëèé êëàñ ïðåäìåò³â:

The rose is a beautiful flower. Òðîÿíäà - êðàñèâà êâ³òêà.

Îçíà÷åíèé àðòèêëü íå âæèâàºòüñÿ:

1. Ïåðåä çâàííÿìè, ôîðìàìè çâåðíåííÿ, ÿêùî çà íèìè éäå ïð³çâèùå:

Professor Snow, Mister Morgan.

2. Ïåðåä ³ìåííèêîì-äîïîâíåííÿì äî ïðèñóäêó, ùî âèðàæåíèé 䳺ñëîâîì to elect, to appoint. He was elected chairman.

3. Ïåðåä íàçâàìè ì³ñò, âóëèöü, ïëîù: London, Trafalgar Square, Oxford Street (àëå the Hague, the Red Square).

4. Ïåðåä íàçâàìè ì³ñÿö³â, äí³â, ï³ð ðîêó: in April, on Wednesday, in summer.

Àëå: ÿêùî ìîâà éäå ïðî ÷àñòèíó ïåâíîãî ðîêó, òî ïåðåä íàçâîþ ïîðè ðîêó ñòàâèòüñÿ îçíà÷åíèé àðòèêëü: in the winter of 1992.

5. Ïåðåä àáñòðàêòíèìè ³ ðå÷îâèííèìè ³ìåííèêàìè, ÿêèõ íå ìîæíà ïåðåðàõóâàòè ³ ÿê³ âæèâàþòüñÿ â çàãàëüíîìó çíà÷åíí³: freedom (âîëÿ), metal (ìåòàë).

6. Ïåðåä âëàñíèìè ³ìåíàìè: Victor, Andrew, Kovalenko, Webster.

7. Ïåðåä íàçâàìè êðà¿í, ãåîãðàô³÷íèõ ì³ñöåâîñòåé: Canada, Africa òà ³í.

8. Ïåðåä ñëîâàìè breakfast (ñí³äàíîê), lunch (ëàí÷), dinner (îá³ä), supper (âå÷åðÿ), âæèòèõ ó çàãàëüíîìó çíà÷åíí³.

We have breakfast at 8 o’clock. Ìè ñí³äàºìî î âîñüì³é.

9. Ó äåÿêèõ âèðàçàõ: at night (óíî÷³), by tram, (train, plane, ship) òà ³í. (òðàìâàºì, ïîòÿãîì, ë³òàêîì), from morning till night (ç ðàíêó äî âå÷îðà), to go to bed (ëÿãòè ñïàòè), day after day (äåíü çà äíåì), by heart (íàïàì’ÿòü), to go to school (õîäèòè äî øêîëè), at home (âäîìà) òà ³í.

Exercise 1 Supply the required articles where necessary.

1. This is … book. It is my … book. 2. Is this your … pencil? – No, it isn’t my … pencil, it is my sister’s … pencil. 3. My … sister is … engineer. Her husband is … doctor. 4. I have no …handbag. 5. This … pen is good, that … pen is bad. 6. I can see … pencil on your … table, but I can see no … paper. 7. They have … dog and two … cats. 8. This is … tree. … tree is green. 9. I can see three … boys. … boys are playing. 10. This … pencil is broken. Give me that … pencil, please. 11. These are … pencils. … pencils are black. 12. This is my … table. On … table I have … book, … pencils, … pen and … paper. 13. This is my … bag. It is … yellow. 14. My … brother is not at … home, he is at … work. 15. I have no … sister. 16. He is not … pilot. 17. He has … child. 18. She has no … child. 19. My granny often tells us … long … interesting … stories. 20. My mother is … doctor. She works at … large … hospital. She is at … work now.

 

Exercise 2 Supply the required articles where necessary.

1. This is … soup. …soup is tasty. 2. In the morning I eat … sandwich and drink … tea. 3. She gave me … coffee and … cake. …coffee was hot. …cake was tasty. 4. Do you like … ice-cream? 5. She bought …meat, … butter and … potatoes yesterday. She also bought … cake. …cake was very tasty. We ate … cake with … tea. 6. My cousin has … big … black … cat. My cousin’s cat has two … kittens. … cat likes … milk. … kittens like … milk, too. 7. … sky is grey today. … sun isn’t shining. … weather isn’t fine. 8. Where is … cat? - … cat is on … sofa. 9. Where are … flowers? - … flowers are in … beautiful … vase. 10. Where is … vase? - … vase is on … little table near … window. 11. We have … large room. There is … big sofa in … room and … little lamp on … wall over … sofa. I like to sit on … sofa and read… good book.

 

Exercise 3 Supply the required articles where necessary.

1. Where is … soup? - … soup is in … big saucepan on … gas-cooker? 2. Where are … cutlets? - … cutlets are in … refrigerator on … little plate. 3. There is … carpet on … floor in my … mother’s … room. 4. … people have … breakfast in … morning. 5. What do you do after … breakfast? – After … breakfast I go to … school. 6. There is … proverb “After … dinner sleep awhile, after … supper walk … mile”. 7. For … breakfast I have … coffee with … milk and … sugar. I have … jam, too. 8. What … nice girl she is! 9. What … book did you take from … library on … Tuesday? 10. Yesterday at … lesson of … geography … teacher told us … interesting things about … famous travelers. 11. There is … book on … table. Give me … book, please. 12. Peter is … tallest boy in our … class. He is very … strong, too.

 

Exercise 4 Supply the required articles where necessary.

1. Several rivers run into … sea at … New York. … most important is … Hudson River which empties into … Atlantic Ocean. 2. … Alps are covered with … snow. 3. … Shetland Islands are situated to … north of … Great Britain. 4. … USA is … largest country in … America. 5. … Crimea is washed by … Black Sea. 6. … Europe and … America are separated by … Atlantic Ocean. 7. … Thames is … short river. 8. … Washington is … capital of … United States of … America. 9. Is … Australia … island or … continent? 10. … sun rises in … east and sets in … west. 11. Did you have … good time in the country? – Oh, yes. … weather was fine. We were out of … doors from morning till … night. We played … football, … volley-ball. My friend played … guitar. We came … home late … night and went to … bed at once. 12. Do you often go to … theatre? – No, I don’t. I work from … morning till … evening. I even have no … time to play … piano. 13. Oleg has … lot of … interesting books at … home. 14. What … long story! 15. Dickens is one of … greatest writers of … 19th century.

 

Exercise 5 (revision) Supply the required articles where necessary.

a) My friend’s … flat is in … new house. There is … living-room, … bedroom, … study, … bathroom and … kitchen in … flat. … bedroom is … large room with … two windows. … room is light as … windows are large. There are white … curtains on … windows. There are … two beds with … large pillows on them. There are … small tables near … beds. There are … lamps on them. To … left of … door there is … dressing-table with … looking-glass on it. There is … low chair at … dressing table. There are … several pictures on … pale green walls. There is … thick carpet on … floor. … carpet is … dark green. … bedroom is very cozy.

 

b) 1 … living room is … largest of all. 2. It is … nice light room. There is … a large window in it. 3. There are … pictures on the wall. 4. There is … round table in … middle of…room. 5. There is … sofa at … wall with … large thick carpet in … front of it. 6. In … the corner of … room there is … round table.7.On it we can see … books and … telephone. 8. There is … bookshelf over … table. 9. On … bookshelf we can see … newspapers and … book by … Jack London. 10. There is no … bed in … room. 11. On … small table near … window there are … flowers and … glass of water. 12. In … front of … window we can see … armchair. 13. Where is … vase? - … vase is on … little table near … window. 14. There are … flowers in … beautiful vase. 15. Open … window. … weather is … fine today. 16. I can see … sun in …sky.

c) 1. Every day my … brother and I get up at eight o’clock and walk to … school. 2. My brother is … pupil. 3. There is … new school at … corner of our street. 4. He goes to … school in … morning. 5. He has five or six … lessons every day. 6. He doesn’t like to go to … school. 7. He loves … football best. 8. In the afternoon he goes … home. 9. At home he does his … homework. 10. In … evening he reads … books or watches … TV. 11. He usually goes to … bed at … half past ten. 12. At … night he sleeps.

d) 1. When do I have … breakfast? - Usually at 7 o’clock. 2. I have … breakfast in … kitchen.3. There is … bunch of … bananas on … table. 4. I don’t keep them in … refrigerator. 5. There is no … bread on … table. 6. There is … loaf of white … bread on … upper … shelf of … refrigerator. 7. If you want your … bread to be fresh, keep it only in … refrigerator. 8. There is … butter in … butter dish in … refrigerator. 9. What can you see on … shelves? – There is … butter in … butter dish. There is … sausage, but there is no … cheese. There are … eggs and … apples. There is … orange, … lemon and … jam in … little … vase. 10. There are … different things on … dinner table:… cups and … glasses, … jug, … teapot, … plates, … forks and … knives. 11. For … breakfast I have … coffee with … milk and … sugar. I have … jam too. 12. Sometimes I eat …porridge and … ham. 13. I don’t eat soup … in … morning.






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