ТОР 5 статей: Методические подходы к анализу финансового состояния предприятия Проблема периодизации русской литературы ХХ века. Краткая характеристика второй половины ХХ века Характеристика шлифовальных кругов и ее маркировка Служебные части речи. Предлог. Союз. Частицы КАТЕГОРИИ:
|
Gathering Data and Writing Summary NotesWhen reading papers written by other authors on the subject that is of interest to you, you must write summary notes. There are two kinds of summary notes. A summary condenses into a brief note the key ideas of a source. It is a concise description of the material without a lot of concern for details. Summary notes are very helpful when you deal with references to source materials, statistical data and all kinds of facts on your specific topic. A précis is a polished summary that in a few words expresses the key ideas of an entire paragraph, section, or chapter. Writing a précis proves to be very helpful when you review an article, a book or produce an abstract. To produce a précis, condense the original piece of writing, reducing a paragraph into a sentence, an article into a brief paragraph, a book into a page. Preserve the tone and moods of the original (serious, skeptic, doubtful, etc.), do not take material out of context. Always locate the source of your material. TASK: Do you ever write summary notes? If not, are you going to start? Write a précis of a paper using the instructions given above. Organizing Ideas Most papers in various scientific disciplines have a similar organization pattern – Introduction, Body and Conclusion (especially papers on theoretical issues). Research papers based on experiments would include Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion/Conclusions. When you write a research paper observe the following instructions: Introduction: identify the subject of your research and narrow it to a specific topic, provide background information, state the problem and the hypothesis of research, provide theoretical basics of the study, formulate the thesis statement/sentence. Method: describe the subjects/participants of your study, the apparatus and equipment used, the procedure followed. Results: report on your findings, support them with statistical data, diagrams, graphs, tables and figures, etc., note whether your findings are consistent with the advanced hypothesis. Discussion/Conclusions: evaluate and interpret the results obtained, make inferences from the results, discuss the implications of your findings. You can end your paper with some reflections about the topic discussed, some suggestions for further research. TASK: When you start writing a paper, will you follow the instructions given above? Will you eliminate or add new elements? Have you consulted your thesis supervisor on this issue? If not, are you going to discuss it with him/her? 3. Writing the Paper: Structure, Linguistics and Style A research paper has physical and structural characteristics. The physical characteristics consist of the title, the introduction, the main body parts and the conclusion, which you write in indented paragraphs. THE TITLE When you start reading a research paper, its title is perhaps the most important part, because the key words in the title help you make a decision whether the paper is of interest for you or not. Thus the title should not be very long and general, but rather specific. The LUMINA element for the matrix displacement method. To achieve this effect you can first name the general subject followed by a colon, and then: add the phrase that renames the subject Matrix displacement method: recent developments add the phrase that describes the type of study Matrix displacement method: experimental observations add a sentence in a question form Matrix displacement method. What comes next? The title should always be relevant to the problem studied, and fit the paper. It should provide code words which identify the main points of research. TASK: Look through the journals on the subject of your research and find the titles of papers that fit the requirements discussed above. Write down several titles for your paper, discuss them with your fellow-students and choose the best one. INTRODUCTION When you write the introduction, you begin with a broad statement relating to the subject of research and narrow it down to specifics, namely the thesis statement/sentence of the whole paper. It is usually a single declarative sentence, the assertion you make about the main points of your study. The thesis statement helps both the writer and the reader. For the writer, it provides a definite framework to follow in the rest of the paper. For the reader, it provides a guide for a clear understanding of what to expect from the rest of the paper. Express your thesis statement at the end of the introduction.
TASK: Think over and write a thesis sentence for your paper. Show it to your fellow-students. Let them figure out what the subject and the reason for your research are. BODY The body of the paper should provide evidence in support of the thesis sentence, each paragraph explaining one and only one aspect of the thesis. Begin each paragraph with a statement of the key idea in one sentence, which is called the topic sentence, and explain or support it with details and evidence. There are several ways of supporting the key idea and developing paragraphs – by describing, classifying, providing statistical data and scientific evidence, analyzing causes and effects, comparing and contrasting, etc. The strategies are determined by the point you want to make and the kind of information you have to work with. CONCLUSION The conclusion can be a summary of the introduction and the developmental paragraphs of the body parts, which is usually done from specific to general – this study to larger implications. But more importantly it should express your judgment on the research performed and the results obtained, explain the findings and/or make suggestions for further investigation. * * * Structurally, a paper should have unity and coherence. Unity gives the writing single vision, and coherence connects the parts. Your paper has unity when it talks about one topic, step by step exploring it in depth. Your paper is coherent if all its parts fit together, talk about the same topic, are connected logically and flow smoothly from one to the other. To obtain this effect use cohesive devices. Cohesive devices help readers follow a writer's train of thought by connecting key words and phrases through a paper. Among such devices are pronoun references, same-word repetition, synonym repetition, sentence-structure repetition, collocations. Transition words serve as a bridge, connecting one paragraph with another. Transitions help readers anticipate how the next paragraph or sentence will affect the meaning of what they have just read: also, besides, furthermore, in addition – to add more thought; first, next, finally, later, afterwards, in front, beyond, etc. – to arrange ideas in order, time or space; but, still, yet, however, on the other hand, nevertheless – to connect two contrasting ideas; for example, in other words – to add an illustration or explanation; in short, in brief, to sum up – to summarize several ideas. * * * Nowadays in scientific publications there is a strong tendency to use definite verb tenses in certain types of papers. When you write a research paper, use past tense or present perfect tense to cite an author's work and/or show what has been accomplished: (e. g., "Landau created" or "the experiment of Lakes and Paul has proven..."). Use present tense when you discuss the results or when you mention established knowledge (e. g., "water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade"). Write your paper with a third-person voice that avoids "I believe" or "It is my opinion." TASK: Read Sample 1 "Introduction" and mark sentences that describe the subject, background, problem and the thesis statement. Read the list of phrases and choose the most appropriate ones to write an introduction of your paper. Sample 1 Не нашли, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском:
|