By L. Janik, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom

Seeing is a property of the human brain, and being human shapes both the way we see and categorise the creative aspect of how we express ourselves through art. This means that what we see is generated via memories gathered throughout our lives and is organised through culturally defined categories of aesthetics. To explore these issues our paper examines the rock art of Northern Europe, in particular the White Sea.

This paper will propose a somewhat unconventional interpretation of this rock art, in which the prehistoric image itself will guide us in trying to understand the intention of ancient artists. The argument is based on a combination of ideas used in art history and recent brain research that allows us to understand how physiologically we generate images. The images of motion carved on rocks or cave walls, despite being ‘static’, convey the message of movement and dynamism. To illustrate this we shall present examples from Upper Palaeolithic cave art, North European rock art, the Renaissance, and contemporary art.

List of phrases used in writing the introduction:

1. To give the historical background of the investigation and to formulate the problem:

1. During the past decade there has been increasing research into…

2. In some theoretical studies....

3....were able to provide a fully generalized, compact simultaneous solution to....

4. In particular, they employed... for....

5.... is an important and common problem.

6. It has become a canonical problem in the study of..., providing a valuable test for simulation methods or theoretical models.

7. In the previous paper... we used a specific model for....

8. The paper examines a method for....

9. Earlier descriptions of the... assumed that....

10. However, detailed experimental studies of...indicate that....

11. The most rigorous treatments available are restricted to the....

12. Accordingly, we suggest that....

13. To date a number of different interpolation techniques have been used in....

14. In Section 2, the paper continues with a discussion of....

15. Section 3 overviews..., Section 4 then proposes...

16. and this matter is discussed in Section 5.

17. Finally, in Section 6 we discuss....

18. Several techniques have been used to investigate....

2. To make a brief review of related literature:

1. There is a wide body of literature which suggests that....

2... effects have received much attention.

3. here were the limited number of studies conducted on....

4. The listings of the program may be found in....

5. Examples are given in....

6. Extensive field studies were undertaken by the scientists at...

3. To justify the need for your investigation:

1. Thus heat transfer regime has received little attention....

2. It is therefore important to establish the....

3. Studies on the... process have been and still are of interest because of the....

4. In spite of significant recent advancement in the fundamental un­derstanding of... several important aspects of the... still remain controversial.

5.... investigations have been proved very valuable in... but they do not give a complete picture of..., since they eliminate....

6. Most of the above investigations concentrated on the general ef­fects of... and did not look carefully at the....

7. There is still lack of knowledge of....

8. Much further research is needed to understand....

9. There is still no complete knowledge of....

10. There are still many gaps in our knowledge of the problems of....

11. We still know very little about the origin of....

4. To state the purpose of the research:

1. The objective of this study is....

2... is the primary purpose of the paper.

3. The aim of this paper is to investigate the....

TASK 1: Let your fellow-students read the introduction you have written. What do they like/dislike about it?

TASK 2: Read the list of phrases and choose the most appropriate ones to write the body of your paper.

List of phrases used in writing the body of the paper:

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