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ФИТ

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(английский язык)

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Вариант 1

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INTERNET AND MODERN LIFE

The Internet has already entered our ordinary life. Everybody knows that the Internet is a global computer network, which embraces hundreds of millions of users all over the world and helps us to communicate with each other. The history of Internet began in the United States in 1969. It was a military experiment, designed to help to survive during a nuclear war, when everything around might be polluted by radiation and it would be dangerous to get out for any living being to get any information anywhere. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest and safest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the net will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology was called packet switching.

Вариант 2

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E-MAIL AND OTHER POPULAR SERVICES

Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. They can do it either they are at home or in the Internet clubs or at work. Other popular services are available on the Internet too. It is reading news, available on some dedicated news servers, telnet, FTP servers, etc. In many countries, the Internet could provide businessmen with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems. Commercial users can communicate cheaply over the Internet with the rest of the world. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for international calls around the world. But saving money is only the first step and not the last one.

Вариант 3

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THE EARLY DAYS OF THE INTERNET

Everywhere we go, we hear about the Internet. It's on television, in magazines, newspapers and in schools. One might think that this network of millions of computers around the globe is as fast as television, but with more and more users logging on every day and staying on longer and longer, this «Information Superhighway» could be perhaps more correctly referred to as an expressway of big city center at rush hour. It is estimated that thirty five to forty million users currently are on the Internet. According to a recent statistics, an average Internet call lasts five times longer than the average regular telephone call. 10 percent of the Internet calls last 6 hours or longer. This can cause an overload and, in turn, cause telephone network to fail. The local network was designed for short calls which you make and then hang up, but Internet calls often occupy a line for hours.

Вариант 4

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THE INTERNET

The Internet is a huge network of computers spanning our planet. The Internet is very helpful, because it's a huge database of knowledge, from the pictures of family trips to an analysis of quantum mechanics. Everyone should have the Internet because of its near instantaneous communication and huge wealth of knowledge. But we should know how to get into the Internet and do a search for information we need. There are two ways to do it. The first is when you know an Internet address of data you need and the second one is when you try to find information you need by using a search program. In the beginning we have to enter any browser we like. It could be an Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator or Opera, etc. If we have a broadband connection, we connect to the Internet at once.

Вариант 5

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VIRTUAL REALITY

Not long ago computers were considered an amazing invention. Today they form part of our everyday life. The latest thing today is Virtual Reality. A Virtual Reality system can transport the user to exotic locations such as a beach in Hawaii or the inside of the human body. The Virtual Reality system is still in the early stages of its development. At the moment it is necessary to put a large helmet on your head to see the simulated world and you have to wear a special glove on your hand in order to manipulate the objects you see there. Lenses and two miniature display screens inside the helmet create the illusion that the screen surrounds you on every side. Already today Virtual Reality is used in medicine. In hospitals, surgeons may plan operations beforehand, "travelling" through the brain, heart or lungs without damaging the body.

Вариант 6

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MULTIMEDIA

Multimedia is media that utilizes a combination of different content forms. The term is used in contrast to media which utilize only traditional forms of printed or hand-produced text and still graphics. In general, multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video and interactivity content forms. Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed or accessed by information content processing devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be a part of a live performance. Multimedia also describes electronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is similar to traditional mixed media in fine art, but with a broader scope. The term "rich media" is synonymous for interactive multimedia. Hypermedia can be considered one particular multimedia application.

Вариант 7

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HISTORY OF THE TERM "MULTI-MEDIA"

In 1965 the term Multi-media was used to describe the Exploding Plastic Inevitable, a performance that combined live rock music, cinema, experimental lighting and performance art. In the following forty years the word has taken on different meanings. In the late 1970s the term was used to describe presentations consisting of multi-projector slide shows timed to an audio track. In the 1990s it took on its current meaning. Some computers which were marketed in the 1990s were called "multimedia" computers because they incorporated a CD-ROM drive, which allowed for the delivery of several hundred megabytes of video, picture, and audio data. Multimedia finds its application in various areas including advertisements, art, education, entertainment, engineering, medicine, mathematics, business, scientific research etc.

Вариант 8

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MULTIMEDIA USAGE

In Education, multimedia is used to produce computer-based training courses (popularly called CBTs) and reference books like encyclopedia and almanacs. Edutainment is an informal term used to describe combining education with entertainment, especially multimedia entertainment.

In Mathematical and Scientific Research, multimedia are mainly used for modeling and simulation. For example, a scientist can look at a molecular model of a particular substance and manipulate it to arrive at a new substance.

Multimedia presentations can be live or recorded. A recorded presentation may allow interactivity via a navigation system. A live multimedia presentation may allow interactivity via interaction with the presenter or performer.

Вариант 9

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WIFI AND ITS USAGE

The world of modern telecommunication technology is filled with acronyms, long numbers and other bits of code that few people understand. The term WiFi should be relatively easy because it’s a play on the words "high-fidelity" or "hi-fi", which means sound reproduction that is very similar to the original. But "WiFi" doesn’t really stand for wireless fidelity. It’s simply a catchy term for equipment using a particular wireless communication standard, or protocol, known as IEEE 802.11. Using this standard, computers and other devices can link in a wireless local area network (WLAN), which is a number of computers or computer-like devices that can talk to each other using high-frequency radio waves instead of connecting cables. The WLAN can in turn be hooked into the Internet, usually with the aid of a cable.

Вариант 10

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WIFI USES

Perhaps the most visible manifestation of WiFi is the coffee-shop laptop tuned cordless into a WLAN and hence into the worldwide web, but some phone users might also be doing it by WiFi. VoIP («voice over the internet protocol») phones enable users to speak to others via the Internet. The increasing availability of WiFi means that people with VoIP phones can use them more and more like mobile phones, talking with friends and colleagues over the Internet from the same coffee-shop in which they connect their laptops to the worldwide web.

WiFi is used in many other applications as well. Some televisions are going WiFi, allowing viewers to wander about their houses with their own portable screens. One company recently offered a camera that connects to the Internet via WiFi, allowing people to email photos to friends and colleagues directly from their cameras.

Вариант 11

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WIFI TECHNOLOGY

WiFi has become popular very quickly, to the point that in certain sectors of the economy it is almost a prerequisite for doing business. Some hotels would probably lose customers if they didn’t offer WiFi to their guests.

The number of uses to which WiFi could be put is almost limitless. At home, electrical equipment such as the refrigerator, television, lighting system, microwave and stereo equipment could all be linked and regulated by WiFi.

But perhaps the single greatest advantage of wireless networks over wired technologies is that they are more flexible about the infrastructure required to set them up.

WiFi technology is not without problems, security being one of the biggest. But few people think it is a passing fad. So where is WiFi heading?

Вариант 12

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ELECTRONIC SECURITY

Attacks on electronic systems have become a reality for many companies. Types of attacks include viruses, laptop theft, system penetration, denial of service and others. Viruses are the most common type of attack. One can also see that several attack types show an increasing trend, including system penetration and denial of service. These two attack types typically use the Internet as a source of attack. The survey found an increasing trend toward Internet-based attacks compared to inside attacks.

Regarding types of attackers, survey respondents pointed to independent hackers as the most common. Domestic competitors, foreign corporations, and foreign governments were significant sources of attack.

An attacker need not be an accomplished programmer to penetrate a network or computer system. Several tools are available to either gain access to a system or learn more about a system targeted for attack.

Вариант 13

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DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL ASSISTANT

The first electronic virtual assistant, or EVA is being developed now. If EVAs live up to the developers' claims, they could provide the illusion of personal service without the cost. Call centers, online advertisers and Internet service providers are among the initial targets.

The technology behind EVA combines two global trends in website design. One, developed out of the computer animation and gaming industry, is the ability to give Web images the impression of three dimensions. The other is the use of dynamic database skills and artificial intelligence-style searching to retrieve information from data banks.

Each EVA can be programmed with information such as a product catalogue, answers to frequently asked questions or an online encyclopedia. It is also equipped with a search engine to interpret customer requests made in colloquial language.

Вариант 14

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ANANOVA

Ananova is the world's first digital newsreader. Ananova has been programmed to deliver breaking news 24 hours a day via the Internet, and later on mobile phones, televisions and other digital devices.

The Ananova character fronts a computer system which is constantly updated with news, sport, share prices, weather and other information. This is converted into speech while another program simultaneously creates real-time animated graphics. This ensures that the virtual newscaster can be on top of the news as it breaks, with very little delay at all. People using the service can also tailor their own news bulletins by using search words to hear the latest information on their chosen subjects.

Вариант 15

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BLUETOOTH

As portable computing devices get smarter and more capable, connectivity frustrations increase.

This is where Bluetooth comes in. The brainchild of Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba, Bluetooth is a microwave high-speed wireless link system that's designed to work with portable equipment. It's low power, very small and very low cost. It uses the same frequencies as existing radio LANs to create a secure 1 Mbit/s link between devices within 10m of each other. These devices can be laptops, PDAs, cellphones, wired telephone access points, even wristwatch devices, headphones, digital cameras and so on. With them, your notebook PC will be able to access your cellular phone and thus the Internet. Files can be exchanged and communications set up for voice and data between any devices capable of handling the information.

Вариант 16

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THE FIRST ELECTRONIC DIGITAL MACHINES

The word "computer" comes from a Latin word which means "to count". A computer is a machine with a complex network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores.

The first completely electronic digital machine was made in 1946 by a group of engineers working by the order of the USA military department. It was ENIAC. This machine made 5000 additions and 300 multiplications per second. Its length was 30 meters and it contained 18000 electronic lamps.

In the Soviet Union the work on creating the first electronic counting machine MESM (Malaya Electronic Computing Machine) was finished in 1951 and it was put into operation. The MESM was projected, assembled and debugged by a little group of engineers under the guidance of S.A. Lebedev.

Вариант 17

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BASIC FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTERS

The basic job of computers is the processing of information. Computers and microchips have become a part of our everyday lives: we read magazines which are produced on computers, we buy things with the help of computers, we pay bills prepared by computers. What makes your computer such a miraculous device? It is a personal communicator that enables you to interact with other computers and with people around the world. And you can even use your PC to relax with computer games.

The first personal computer appeared in the USA in 1977, it was called "Apple". With the evolution of the Internet, personal computers are becoming as common as the television and the telephone in the household. Modern smartphones are fully-programmable computers in their own right, and as of 2011 may well be the most common form of such computers in existence.

Вариант 18

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THE POSSIBILITIES OF THE INTERNET

The Internet is very helpful, because it's a huge database of knowledge, from the pictures of family trips to the analysis of quantum mechanics. One of the newest and most popular services available on the Internet is the World Wide Web (WWW) which is often simply referred to as the Web. The Web contains interlinked documents called webpages. A set of related webpages stored together on a server computer is called a website. The Internet allows people to telecommute (use their computers to stay in touch with the office while they are working at home).

With the evolution of the Internet, personal computers are becoming as common as the television and the telephone in the household. Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-mail. Pictures, documents and other files can be sent as e-mail attachments.

Вариант 19

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VOIP SYSTEM

Internet telephony is another common communications service made possible by the creation of the Internet. VoIP stands for Voice-over-Internet Protocol, referring to the protocol that underlies all Internet communication. The increasing availability of WiFi means that people with VoIP phones can use them more and more like mobile phones, talking with friends and colleagues over the Internet connecting their laptops to the worldwide web.

The idea began in the early 1990s with walkie-talkie-like voice applications for personal computers. In recent years many VoIP systems have become as easy to use and as convenient as a normal telephone. The benefit is that, as the Internet carries the voice traffic, VoIP can be free or cost much less than a traditional telephone call, especially over long distances and especially for those with always-on Internet connections such as cable or ADSL.

Вариант 20

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WAYS OF STORING INFORMATION

Magnetic core memory was the computer memory of choice throughout the 1960s, until it was replaced by semiconductor memory.

A computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered "address" and can store a single number.

The information stored in memory may represent practically anything. Letters, numbers, even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease.

In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte).

A computer can store any kind of information in memory if it can be represented numerically. Modern computers have billions or even trillions of bytes of memory.

Вариант 21

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TYPES OF COMPUTERS

There are different kinds of computers. Some do only one job over and over again. These are special - purpose computers. But there are some computers that can do many different jobs. They are called general – purpose computers. They answer questions about rockets and planes, bridges and ships – long before these things are even built. Computers help our space program, our business and industry, medicine and education. They are powerful tools which help to change our life and the world around us.

A great step in the era of computer technologies was made in the 1970s, when computer engineers at research institutions throughout the US began to link their computers together. The computer network that they produced was called the ARPANET. In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet.

Вариант 22

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MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS

Multimedia is heavily used in the entertainment industry, especially to develop special effects in movies and animations. Multimedia games are a popular pastime and are software programs available either as CD-ROMs or online. Some video games also use multimedia features. Multimedia applications that allow users to actively participate instead of just sitting by as passive recipients of information are called Interactive Multimedia. Multimedia presentations can be live or recorded. A recorded presentation may allow interactivity via a navigation system. A live multimedia presentation may allow interactivity via interaction with the presenter or performer.

In the industrial sector, for example, multimedia is used as a way to present information to shareholders, superiors and coworkers. Multimedia is also helpful for providing employee training.

Вариант 23

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INTERNET: POSSIBILITIES AND PROBLEMS

Invention of modems, special devices allowing your computer to send the information through the telephone line, has opened doors to the Internet for millions of people. It is clear that the accurate number of users can be counted fairly approximately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet today, because there are hundreds of millions of users and their number is growing.

Now you can work through the Internet, gambling and playing through the net. However, there are some problems. The most important problem is security. When you send an e-mail, your message can travel through many different networks and computers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of the computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet.

Вариант 24

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THE INTERNET CONNECTIONS

The number of the Internet users is growing by 200 percent annually and it certainly provides new challenges for the telephone companies. The Internet, up to the beginning of the 90s, was used only to read different texts. Then in the early 90's, a way was made to see pictures and listen to a sound on the Internet. This breakthrough made the Internet to be most demanded means of communication, data saving and transporting. If we want to find some information in the Internet, we are to type an address of this data in the browser we use or simply use the existing search programs such as google, rambler, yandex or yahoo. They are very simple and popular networks of sites. In these programs we can just type the word or the name of a thing, we would like to find and then press enter. A search program solves this problem. We get our results in the same window.

Вариант 25

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THE ADVANTAGES OF WIFI

The term WiFi, as well as the technology itself, has evolved quite a bit since it was first coined in about 2000 and is now used by the general public. The great advantage of WiFi over wired networks is that it does not require wires to connect it to a network. Potentially, WiFi and other wireless technologies could be made available everywhere to everyone, not only helping a business person on the move but also remote communities that might wait years for cables to reach them.

Predicting the evolution and changes of information technology is not easy: this month’s boom product might be next month’s landfill. But a few things about WiFi seem certain: speeds will increase, the range of uses will broaden and its availability will continue to spread. It will also face more competition.

Вариант 26

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NEW DIRECTIONS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

The Internet can now be accessed almost anywhere by numerous means, especially through mobile Internet devices. Mobile phones, datacards, handheld game consoles and cellular routers allow users to connect to the Internet. The Internet has enabled entirely new forms of interaction, activities and organizing. Social networking websites such as Facebook, Twitter and MySpace have created new ways to socialize and interact.

Computer speeds are measured in gigahertz today. Recently, an optical central processing unit has been invented, which is capable of executing trillions discrete operations per second or it is as fast as the speed of light.

So, we are at the threshold of new computer era, when artificial intelligence could be invented. There are no questions with "if", the only question is "when". And time will show either computers will become our best friends or our enemies.

Вариант 27

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NEW FORMS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

File sharing is an example of transferring large amounts of data across the Internet. A computer file can be e-mailed to customers, colleagues and friends as an attachment. It can be uploaded to a website or FTP server for easy download by others. This includes all manner of print publications, software products, news, music, film, video, photography, graphics and other arts.

The Internet has enabled entirely new forms of social interaction, activities and organizing, thanks to its basic features such as widespread usability and access. Social networking websites such as Facebook, Twitter and MySpace have created new ways to socialize and interact.

One main area of leisure activity on the Internet is multiplayer gaming. This form of recreation creates communities, where people of all ages and origins enjoy the world of multiplayer games.

Вариант 28

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A COMPUTER VIRUS

A biological virus is a very small, simple organism that infects living cells, known as the host, by attaching itself to them and using them to reproduce itself. This often causes harm to the host cells.

Similarly, a computer virus is a very small program routine that infects a computer system and uses its resources to reproduce itself. It often does this by patching the operating system to enable it to detect program files, such as COM or EXE files. It then copies itself into those files. This sometimes causes harm to the host computer system.

When the user runs an infected program, it is loaded into memory carrying the virus. The virus uses a common programming technique to stay resident in memory. It can then use a reproduction routine to infect other programs. This process continues until the computer is switched off.

Вариант 29

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ACTIONS OF COMPUTER VIRUSES

The virus may contain a payload that remains dormant until a trigger event activates it. The payload can do something relatively harmless such as displaying a message on the monitor screen or it might do something more destructive such as deleting files on the hard disk.

When it infects a file, the virus replaces the first instruction in the host program with a command that changes the normal execution sequence. This type of command is known as a JUMP command.

Viruses can have four main parts. A misdirection routine that allows it to copy itself to other programs; a trigger that causes the payload to be activated at a particular time or when a particular event takes place; and a payload that may be a fairly harmless joke or may be very destructive. A program that has a payload but does not have a reproduction routine is known as a Trojan.

Вариант 30

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COMPUTER LANGUAGES

There is a number of computer languages available for use by programmers. Each language is designed for use in solving particular types of problem. Languages such as С++ are particularly suitable for writing systems programs. Languages such as Visual Basic and Pascal are easy to use and are suitable for learning how to program. FORTRAN is designed for solving engineering problems, COBOL for writing business programs, Аdа for military purposes, Prolog and LISP for working in artificial intelligence. Logo is particularly suited for use by children. Some languages such as HTML and XML are markup languages, marking text for use in programs such as Web browsers. Languages such as Java and Perl have а number of specialized uses including adding features to Internet connections and webpages.

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