Metaphor, metonymy, irony

Metaphor – the transference of some quality from 1 object to another. The main f-n is to create images & communicate new ideas. The basis of met-r – the mental process of comparison. They can be emboded in all basic part of speech: n, v, adj.

Noun-metaphors – are classified into several types depending on the type of identification of tenor & vehicle.

Types of Noun-met-rs:

1. T is V: the old women (T) is a fox (V).

2. T turns into V: the river turned into snake.

3. Smth makes T into V: the rising sun made every cloud (T) into a bonfire (V).

4. V replaces T: I myself hunt this wolf (V) to death.

Met-rs (semantically):

1. genuine (fresh) m-rs: original, unexpected.

2. title (dead) m-rs – are commonly used in everyday communic-n and are (may be) used in dic-ies.

3. traditional m-rs – are common at a definite period of type.

Met-rs (structurally):

1. simple – are realized in 1 word & create 1 image.

2. complexed (sustained) – realized in a number of logically connected w-s & creation a series of images.

The relevant of met-or is called personification.

Personification – is a SD were abstract ideas in animate objects re identified with people. The technics to create P: capitalization; the use of she\he instead of it; use of verbs peculiar to human beings. The aim of usage: ●to express aurthor’s visual of the world; ●to make abstract ideas more concrete, vivid ●to impart the dynamic course.

Metonymy – a deliberate use of w-s in two mngs (dic-ry & contextual one) the basis for it is not similarity of notions but assosiation which connect notions permanently or temporarily. eg. He felt as if he must find a sympathetic ear.

Metonymy can be based on dif-nt types of assosiations: ● a symbol is used instead of a person or thing nominated: the Crown (=King or Queen); ●the container instead of the thing contained: He drinked 1 more cup; ●aurtor instead of his works: He is reading Byron; ●the instrument instead of the action performed with this instrument; ●the abstract instead of concrete; ●a leading feature of a person instead of possession: The moustache came in.

Senocdoсhe – 1 part of the object is used instead of the whole object or the whole object is used instead of its parts. Eg. All eyes were on him.

Irony – SD used on simultaneous relations of 2 meanings (dic-ry & contextual) but these 2 mngs stand in opposition to each other. It doesn’t create a humorous effect, but express a feeling of irritation, displeasure, pity or regret through a positive statement. In written speech it is written in commas or italics. Eg. ‘Nice weather’ (on in rainy day).

Types of irony:

1) verbal – it is possible to indicate exact word whose contextual mng is opposite to its dic-ry mng.

2) sustained – the effect of irony is created by a number of statements.

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