Ellipses, aposiopesis, question-in-the-narrative, litotes, rhetorical questions.

Ellipsis – consists in omission of some parts of the sentence that are easily understood from the context or situation.

Aim: to imitate conversational style; to accelerate the tempo of speech; express excited state or mood of the speaker. A nominative sentence is a variant of one member structure: it has neither subject nor predicate. Because it is basis component is a noun or a noun like element.

Aposiopesis – figure of speech in which the speaker breaks off the middle of speaking as if he is unwilling or unable to continue. Aim: to indicate a strong increase of emotions; to give a hint at what remains unsaid.

Litotes – two-component structure in which two negations are linked to give a positive evaluation.

Forming:

1) negative particle “no, not” + a word with a negative affix, e.g. not hopeless;

2) “no, not” + a word with a negative meaning, e.g. not bad;

3) negative constructions, e.g. not without love;

4) adj/adv preceded by “too”, e.g. not too awful.

Function is to convey the doubts of the speaker concerning the exact characteristic of the object in question, to render subtle irony.

Rhetorical question – q-n that not requires answer. May have either positive or negative forms. The positive form predicts the negative answer. The negative form predicts the positive answer.

Question in the narrative– asked and answered by the same person, usually the author.

Aim: to establish a kind of contact between the speaker and the listener; to give the listener time to absorb what has been said; to give and impression of confidence.

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