From the history of plans and maps

Surveying techniques have existed throughout much of recorded history. In ancient Egypt, when the Nile River overflowed its banks and washed out farm boundaries, boundaries were re-established through the application of simple geometry.

The nearly perfect squareness and north-south orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza, built 2700 BC, affirm the Egyptians' command of surveying.

1. There are a number of well-known early examples of the history of cartography. The most familiar artifacts presented as "the oldest extant cartographic efforts" are the Babylonian maps made on clay tablets.

It is a wall painting that is approximately nine feet long and has a date of 6,200 + 97 B.C. The map depicts a town plan made by Catal Hyük and showed about 80 buildings. In the foreground is a town. Behind the town an erupting volcano is illustrated.

2. This Babylonian clay tablet, drawn around 1,500 B.C. and measuring 18 x 21 cm, is incised with a plan of Nippur, the religious center of the Sumerians in Babylonia during this period. The tablet marks the principal temple on the right edge, along with store-houses, a park and the river Euphrates, a canal to one side of the city, and another canal running through the center. A wall surrounds the city.

3. This is Tabula drawn by Castorius in the first century A.D. This is an early road map of the Roman world. The routes are drawn in red, while the sea is indicated by greenish-blue. The plan does not conform to the rules of any projection, that’s why it is impossible to apply a constant scale to determine distances from place to place.

4. Claudius Ptolemy in 200 A.D. was the first who made the description of two map projections in his books. Ptolemy wrote that there are two ways of making a portrait of the world; one is to reproduce it on a sphere, and the other is to draw it on a plane surface. Here you can see horizontal projecting made by Claudius Ptolemy.

5. The finest collection of the plans and maps is in the British Library. There you can see old manuscripts as well as their reproductions. This is, Queen Mary Atlas which was made by Diogo Homem in 1558.

6. ThisTabula shows Asia and Taprobana in the 12th century MS and was copied in 1598. The roads and harbors were marked in it, and there were some conventional signs. Most of all it was drawn in colour.

7. A lot of reproductions were made by Wagner and Debes. For example, this is one of them that was made from the plan by Lepsius in 1908. This is a plan of Memphis, with buildings, roads, and vegetation marked. It has conventional signs for remains of ancient settlements, paths. Modern buildings are colored black.

8. Another one was the Pyramids of Gizeh made from the plan by Lepsius. As the previous one it has conventional signs.

9. In 1885 Wagner and Debes made the reproduction of The Suez Canal taking into account the English and French Admiralty surveys and other authentic sources. The plan has scale 1:500000 and resembles a modern one.

10. This is an Insurance Plan of the City of London made in 1886. It was made in colour, had conventional signs, name of the streets and places of interests and was made according to the scale.

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