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Useful Phrases for Summarizing and Abstracting
Introducing the subject / theme of the text:
● the text (book, article, paper, chapter, excerpt, passage, etc) is about… / deals with… / focuses on … / develops the theory (idea, method, etc) …
● the text addresses the problem of …
● the aim (objective, purpose, task) of the text is to determine (test, establish, describe, explain, etc)…
● the text was intended to establish…
● the basic topic is…
Introducing the key ideas, facts and arguments:
● the main idea of … is …
● the main facts of the text are…
● the author considers (describes, gives a description of, explores, discusses, studies, investigates, examines, determines, finds, establishes, assesses, evaluates, offers, suggests, provides, states, emphasizes, analyzes, summarizes)
● the author performs detailed (careful, thorough, extensive, accurate, comprehensive, brief, short, preliminary, etc) analysis of (on)…
● the author thinks (believes) that…
● the author takes unto account…
outlines
gives full coverage of
comments on…
draws one's attention to…
reminds that…
notes that…
expresses the view that…
argues that…
voices concern about…
is sure that…
● as visualized by the author
● according to the author…/ in the author’s opinion
Comparing
● The author makes/gives a comparison of … with… / between … and…
● In comparison with …
● In contrast to …
Balancing Arguments
● On the one hand … on the other hand…
● To weigh up…
● Taking into account…
● One way or the other…
● For and against
● Pros and cons …
● Either way…
Linking Ideas
● To this should be added the fact that…
● It should be mentioned that…
● Thus we have an opportunity to observe
● In addition to …
● On top of that…
● To begin (to start) with
● The author thinks it is right for the following reasons…
Concluding
● Summing it up…/ to sum up / to summarize…
● In conclusion…
● The author winds up by saying…
● By and large…
● All in all…
● On the whole…
● In brief…
● In a word…/ in a nutshell…
● The long and the short of it…
● The author comes to (draws) a conclusion that…
● It is concluded that…
● It is possible to conclude that…
● It may be noted (stated) that…
● As a result…
● Consequently…
● Thus…
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