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HIGHER EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAINThere are different kinds of educational institutions in Great Britain including universities and colleges of various kinds. There is no single, universally accepted definition of what a university should be like. British universities are quite different and each of them has its own syllabus. Universities usually select students on the basis of A-level exam results [Advanced Level] and an interview. But colleges of Oxford and Cambridge choose their students mainly of academic merit. All British "Universities can be roughly divided into three groups, namely "ancient", "redbrick" or "modern" ("provincial”) and the new ones. But mostly each of these universities has its own approach to teaching. Oxford and Cambridge are the oldest universities in Great Britain. They are called Oxbridge to denote an elitarian education. They date from Middle Ages. Eachconsists of self-governing colleges. Some colleges Tend to be rather keen to admit a few men who are very good at football or some other sport, or sons and daughters of lords or millionaires. After all a rich man's son or daughter will be rich one day and may give a lot of money to his (her) favourite university. Colleges are very rich. They have wonderful books in the libraries, botanical gardens, observatory and an anatomy school and even rich collections of pictures. University is only an administrative body, which organizes lectures for all students of the colleges, arranges examinations and awards degrees. The teaching is based on the tutorial (that means the individual tuition) as well as lectures. Each student has ajutor who plans his work and requires him to write essays and papers on the subject he is studying, and submit them to him regularly about once a fortnight for correction and discussion. Until the 19th century they were the only universities in England, and offered no place girls. But, nowadays, most colleges admit both men and women. Cambridge is more developed than Oxford in scientific studies. Four universities founded in Scotland i.e. St. Andrews (1411), Glasgow (1450), Aberdeen (1494) and Edinburgh (1583) are considered to be the ancient universities, too. During the 19th century various institutions of higher education were founded in large centers of industry such as Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds. Their buildings were made of local brick, so they got the name "redbrick". But today they are referred to as "modern" or "provincial". There is no tutorial system there. These, universities accept students from all over the country and are financed by local authorities. The government gives money to cover the universities current expenditure, but doesn't control them and they enjoy a large measure of academic freedom. The University of London also refers to this group. It is rather old. It was given a Charter in 1836. Now there are about twenty colleges and schools of the university. The teaching is in the colleges, which are placed in various parts of London. It is the largest university in the country with over 40,000 students. The New Universities were founded after the Second World War. Some of them quickly became popular because of their modern approach to university courses. One of the new developments in education of Britain is certainly the Open University. Being founded in 1971 it offers a wide range of courses at many different levels. The Open University was established to give educational opportunities to those people who want to continue their education at home. In its teaching the Open University employs a combination of television, radio, correspondence tests, broadcasts and personal tuition. Colleges form an important part of higher education system in England and Wales. Colleges prepare young people for entry to specific job, or offer a specialist qualification. A college education is in most cases less academic and more practical than a university one, and usually vocational. They offer courses in teacher training, in technology and some professions connected with medicine. Polytechnics are fairly new. The government in 1966 established them in order to concentrate the large amount of work of university standard being done outside the university. 30 of the technical colleges became polytechnics and their popularity is growing. In many ways the polytechnics and universities are similar. But the former have more varied courses than any other higher educational institution. Any student has a wide range of choice, such as pure academic study, a study of an applied mature or a professional qualification. The Polytechnics play the main role in higher education. A degree is an academic qualification awarded at most universities and colleges upon completion of a higher educational course (a first degree) or a piece of research (higher degrees). In general Bachelor's degree [B.A. or B.Sc.] is given to students who pass exams at the end of three or four years of study. The first post-graduate degree is that of a Master conferred for a thesis based on at least one year's full-time work. And the degree of Doctor of Philosophy [Ph.D.] is given for a thesis, which is an original contribution to knowledge. The highest governing body of most universities is usually a Council consisting of a few professors together with some local notables. Each department has its chief who has usually the title of Professor. Other teachers who have no title of "Professor" are entitled "Lecturers", "Readers", "Senior Lectures". When a university teaching post is vacant it is usually advertised in newspapers.
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