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КАТЕГОРИИ:
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According to their morphological composition nouns can be divided intosimple, derived, andcompound.
Simple nouns consist of only one root-morpheme: dog, chair, room, roof, leaf.
Derived nouns (derivatives) are composed of one root-morpheme and one or more derivational morphemes (prefixes or suffixes).
The main noun-forming suffixes are those forming abstract nouns and those forming concrete, personal nouns.
Abstract nouns
| Concrete nouns
| -age: leakage, vicarage
-al: betrayal, portrayal, refusal
-ancy/-ency: vacancy, tendency
-dom: freedom kingdom
-hood: brotherhood, childhood
-ing: meaning, cleaning
-ion/~sion/-tion/-ation: operation, tension, examination
-ism: darvinism, patriotism
-ment: agreement, unemployment
-ness: darkness, weakness
-ship: friendship, membership
-ty: cruelty, sanity, banality
-th: growth, strength
-y: difficulty, honesty
| -(i)an: physician, Parisian, republican
-ant/-ent: assistant, student, informant
-arian: vegetarian
-ее: refugee, employee, payee
-er: teacher, worker, singer
-ician: musician, politician
-ist: socialist, artist
-or: visitor, actor
-let: booklet, leaflet
-ess: actress, tigress, waitress
-ine: heroine
-ix: proprietrix
-ette: usherette
The four suffixes -ess, -ine, -ette are feminine.
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Sometimes nouns formed by abstract noun suffixes may come to denote concrete things or persons as in translation (a process and its result), beauty (may denote an abstract notion and a beautiful woman).
Compound nouns consist of at least two stems. The meaning of a compound is not a mere sum of its elements. The main types of compound nouns are:
noun stem + noun stem:
| seaman (моряк),
airmail (авиапочта)
| adjective stem + noun stem:
| bluebell (колокольчик),
blackbird (черный дрозд)
| verb stem + noun stem:
| pickpocket (карманный вор)
| gerund + noun stem:
| looking-glass (зеркало),
dancing-hall (танцевальный зал)
| noun stem + prepositions + noun stem:
| father-in-law (свекр, тесть)
mother-in-law (свекровь, теща)
man-of-war (военный корабль)
| substantivised phrases:
| forget-me-not (незабудка),
pick-me-up (тонизирующий напиток)
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