A far, farther/farthest and further/furthest

A further, furthest

These, like farther/farthest, can be used as adverbs of place/distance:

// isn 't safe to go any further/farther in this fog.. But they can also be used in an abstract sense:

Mr A said that these toy pistols should not be on sale.

Mr B went further and said that no toy pistols should be sold.

Mr C went furthest of all and said that no guns of any kind should be sold.

B far: restrictions on use

far in the comparative and superlative can be used quite freely:

He travelled further than we expected. far in the positive form is used chiefly in the negative and interrogative:

How far can you see? ~ I can't see far.

In the affirmative a long way is more usual than far, and a long way away is more usual than far away: They sailed a long way. He lives a long way away. But very far away is possible, and so is so/quite/too + far and far + enough:

They walked so far that... They walked too far.

We 've gone far enough. far can be used with an abstract meaning:

The new law doesn 't go far enough.

You've gone too far! (You've been too insulting/overbearing/ insolent etc.)

far, adverb of degree, is used with comparatives or with too/so + positive forms:

She swims far better than I do. He drinks far too much.

B much, more, most

C more and most can be used fairly freely:

You should ride more. I use this room most. But much, in the positive form, has a restricted use.

D much meaning a lot can modify negative verbs: He doesn't ride much nowadays.

In the interrogative much is chiefly used with how. In questions without how, much is possible but a lot is more usual:

How much has he ridden? Has he ridden a lot/much? In the affirmative as/so/too + much is possible. Otherwise a lot/ a good deal/a great deal is preferable:

He shouts so much that... / talk too much. But He rides a lot/a great deal.

C very much meaning greatly can be used more widely in the

affirmative. We can use it with blame, praise, thank and with a number of verbs concerned with feelings:

admire, amuse, approve, dislike, distress, enjoy, impress, like, object, shock, surprise etc.:

Thank you very much. They admired him very much.

She objects very much to the noise they make. much (= greatly), with or without very, can be used with the participles admired, amused, disliked, distressed, impressed, liked, shocked, struck, upset'.

He was (very) much admired.

She was (very) much impressed by their good manners.

D much meaning a lot can modify comparative or superlative adjectives and adverbs:

much better much the best much more quickly much too can be used with positive forms: He spoke much too fast.

E most placed before an adjective or adverb can mean very. It is mainly used here with adjectives/adverbs of two or more syllables: He was most apologetic. She behaved most generously. (See 21 C.)

33 Constructions with comparisons (see also 341)

When the same verb is required in both clauses we normally use an auxiliary for the second verb (see 22).

A With the positive form we use as... as with an affirmative verb, and as/so... as with a negative verb: He worked as slowly as he dared. He doesn't snore as/so loudly as you do. It didn 't take as/so long as I expected. B With the comparative form we use than:

He eats more quickly than I do/than me. He played better than he had ever played. They arrived earlier than I expected.

the + comparative... the + comparative is also possible: The earlier you start the sooner you'll be back.

C With the superlative it is possible to use of + noun:

He went (the) furthest of the explorers.

But this construction is not very common and such a sentence would normally be expressed by a comparative, as shown above. A superlative (without the) + of all is quite common, but all here often refers to other actions by the same subject:

He likes swimming best of all. (better than he likes anything else) of all can then be omitted. D For comparisons with like and as, see 21 H, I.

Position

35 Adverbs of manner

A Adverbs of manner come after the verb:

She danced beautifully or after the object when there is one:

He gave her the money reluctantly. They speak English well. Do not put an adverb between verb and object. B When we have verb + preposition + object, the adverb can be either before the preposition or after the object:

He looked at me suspiciously or He looked suspiciously at me. But if the object contains a number of words we put the adverb before the preposition:

He looked suspiciously at everyone who got off the plane.

C Similarly with verb + object sentences the length of the object affects the position of the adverb. If the object is short, we have verb + object + adverb, as shown in B above. But if the object is long we usually put the adverb before the verb:

She carefully picked up all the bits of broken glass. He angrily denied that he had stolen the documents. They secretly decided to leave the town.

D Note that if an adverb is placed after a clause or a phrase, it is normally considered to modify the verb in that clause/phrase. If, therefore, we move secretly to the end of the last example above, we change the meaning: They secretly decided... (The decision was secret.) They decided to leave the town secretly. (The departure was to be secret.)

E Adverbs concerned with character and intelligence, foolishly, generously, kindly, stupidly etc., when placed before a verb, indicate that the action was foolish/kind/generous etc.:

I foolishly forgot my passport. He generously paid for us all. He kindly waited for me. Would you kindly wait?

Note that we could also express such ideas by:

It was foolish of me to forget. It was kind of him to wait.

Would you be kind enough to wait? (See 252.) The adverb can come after the verb or after verb + object, but the meaning then changes:

He spoke kindly = His voice and words were kind is not the same as It was kind of him to speak to us.

He paid us generously = He paid more than the usual rate is not the same as It was generous of him to pay us.

Note the difference between:

He answered the questions foolishly (His answers were foolish) and He foolishly answered the questions. (Answering was foolish./It was foolish of him to answer at all.)

F badly and well can be used as adverbs of manner or degree. As adverbs of manner they come after an active verb, after the object or before the past participle in a passive verb:

He behaved badly. He read well.

He paid her badly. She speaks French well.

She was badly paid. The trip was well organized. badly as an adverb of degree usually comes after the object or before the verb or past participle:

The door needs a coat of paint badly/The door badly needs a coat of paint.

He was badly injured in the last match. well (degree) and well (manner) have the same position rules:

I'd like the steak well done. He knows the town well.

Shake the bottle well.

The children were well wrapped up.

The meaning of well may depend on its position. Note the difference between:

You know well that I can't drive (There can be no doubt in your mind about this) and

You know that I can't drive well. (I'm not a good driver.) well can be placed after may/might and could to emphasize the probability of an action:

He may well refuse = It is quite likely that he will refuse. (For may/might as well, see 288.)

G somehow, anyhow

somehow (= in some way or other) can be placed in the front position or after a verb without object or after the object:

Somehow they managed. They managed somehow. They raised the money somehow.

anyhow as an adverb of manner is not common. But it is often used to mean 'in any case/anyway'. (See 327.) C With the superlative it is possible to use of + noun:

He went (the) furthest of the explorers.

But this construction is not very common and such a sentence would normally be expressed by a comparative, as shown above. A superlative (without the) + of all is quite common, but all here often refers to other actions by the same subject:

He likes swimming best of all. (better than he likes anything else) of all can then be omitted. D For comparisons with like and as, see 21 H, I.

Position

35 Adverbs of manner

A Adverbs of manner come after the verb:

She danced beautifully or after the object when there is one:

He gave her the money reluctantly. They speak English well. Do not put an adverb between verb and object. B When we have verb + preposition + object, the adverb can be either before the preposition or after the object:

He looked at me suspiciously or He looked suspiciously at me. But if the object contains a number of words we put the adverb before the preposition:

He looked suspiciously at everyone who got off the plane.

C Similarly with verb + object sentences the length of the object affects the position of the adverb. If the object is short, we have verb + object + adverb, as shown in B above. But if the object is long we usually put the adverb before the verb:

She carefully picked up all the bits of broken glass. He angrily denied that he had stolen the documents. They secretly decided to leave the town.

D Note that if an adverb is placed after a clause or a phrase, it is normally considered to modify the verb in that clause/phrase. If, therefore, we move secretly to the end of the last example above, we change the meaning: They secretly decided... (The decision was secret.) They decided to leave the town secretly. (The departure was to be secret.)

E Adverbs concerned with character and intelligence, foolishly, generously, kindly, stupidly etc., when placed before a verb, indicate that the action was foolish/kind/generous etc.:

I foolishly forgot my passport. He generously paid for us all. He kindly waited for me. Would you kindly wait?

Note that we could also express such ideas by:

It was foolish of me to forget. It was kind of him to wait.

Would you be kind enough to wait? (See 252.) The adverb can come after the verb or after verb + object, but the meaning then changes:

He spoke kindly = His voice and words were kind is not the same as It was kind of him to speak to us.

He paid us generously = He paid more than the usual rate is not the same as It was generous of him to pay us.

Note the difference between:

He answered the questions foolishly (His answers were foolish) and He foolishly answered the questions. (Answering was foolish./It was foolish of him to answer at all.)

F badly and well can be used as adverbs of manner or degree. As adverbs of manner they come after an active verb, after the object or before the past participle in a passive verb:

He behaved badly. He read well.

He paid her badly. She speaks French well.

She was badly paid. The trip was well organized. badly as an adverb of degree usually comes after the object or before the verb or past participle:

The door needs a coat of paint badly/The door badly needs a coat of paint.

He was badly injured in the last match. well (degree) and well (manner) have the same position rules:

I'd like the steak well done. He knows the town well.

Shake the bottle well.

The children were well wrapped up.

The meaning of well may depend on its position. Note the difference between:

You know well that I can't drive (There can be no doubt in your mind about this) and

You know that I can't drive well. (I'm not a good driver.) well can be placed after may/might and could to emphasize the probability of an action:

He may well refuse = It is quite likely that he will refuse. (For may/might as well, see 288.)

G somehow, anyhow

somehow (= in some way or other) can be placed in the front position or after a verb without object or after the object:

Somehow they managed. They managed somehow. They raised the money somehow.

anyhow as an adverb of manner is not common. But it is often used to mean 'in any case/anyway'. (See 327.)

36 Adverbs of place

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