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КАТЕГОРИИ:






Answer the questions.




1. What is wood drying?

2. Why wood can be treated with chemicals?

3. Why dried wood is less susceptible to decay than green wood?

4. What points are significant in drying timber?

5. Is the drying of wood a new area for research and development?

 

Put the necessary infinitive phrase and complete the sentence

1. Wood can be treated with chemicals…..the hydroxyl groups.

a) to replace b) to choose c)to begin

 

2. Proper drying under controlled conditions prior…… is of great importance in timber use.

a) to swim b) to use c)to put

 

3. Dried wood is less susceptible…… than green wood.

a) to decay b) to use c)to change

4. Timbers for impregnation with preservatives have ….. properly dried.

a) to hope b) to become c)to be

 

Questions for computer-based test

1. How the infinitive phrase to make money is used in the sentence: Joan had a scheme to make money.

a) noun

b) adjective

c) adverb

d) verb


2. How the infinitive phrase to stay or to go is used in the sentence: You have two choices, to stay or to go.

a) noun

b) adjective

c) adverb

d) verb

 

3. How the infinitive phrase to rest is used in the sentence: I sat down to rest.

a) noun

b) adjective

c) adverb

d) verb

4. Identify the infinitive phrase (to grade today) function in the sentence: All the math teachers have papers to grade today.

a) noun

b) adjective

c) adverb

d) verb

Glossary

English Russian Kazakh
equilibrium moisture равновесной влажности тепе-тең ылғалдылық
dimensional change изменение размеров көлемнің өзгерісі
elimination устранение жою
entrapment провокация азғыру, қасақана арандату
susceptible to decay подвержены разрушению қиратуға тап болу
felling of trees вырубка деревьев ағаштарды кесіп алу
prompt drying of wood быстрая сушка древесины ағаштарды тез кептіру

References

Main literature:

1. Луговая А.Л. Английский язык для строительных специальностей. – М: ВШ, 2006

 

Additional literature:

2. Clive Oxenden, Christina Latham-Koenig New English File Advanced. Oxford Workbook University Press 2010.

3. Clive Oxenden, Christina Latham-Koenig New English File Advanced. Student Book, Oxford University Press 2010.

4. Полякова Е.Ю. Английский для инженеров. - М: ВШ, 2008.

5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology

6. First Certificate. Language Practice. Macmillan 2003.

7. http://www.wisegeek.com/

 

Hand out 12
English as a foreign language Lexical theme: “Classification of wood processing”.
Professional English Grammar: “Modal verbs and equivalents”
Credits: 2  
Assistant professor A.S. Karybayeva

 

GRAMMAR COMMENTS

Some equivalents of modal auxiliary verbs Be able to instead of can and could · He is able to do it on his own. (= He can do it on his own.) · The watchman was able tocatch the thief. (= The watchman could catch the thief.) · She was able tosolve the problem. (= She could solve the problem.)   Be to instead of will/shall · He is toretire next year. (= He will retire next year.) · We are tohave a test in English next week. (= We will have a test in English next week.) The structure ‘be to’ indicates simple future, like will or shall, but with a slight degree of uncertainty. The sentence ‘He is to retire’ means that ‘He is likely to retire’. It is not quiet certain whether he will actually retire or not. Be to may also express a stronger meaning, almost like must, but it is not quite strong or blunt. · You are to take this medicine whether you like it or not.   Had better instead of should or ought to · You had better consult a doctor. (= You should consult a doctor.) Had bettermay also express a threat. · He had better mend his ways.   Have to and have got to instead of must · I have toreport for duty within a week. (= I must report for duty within a week.) · I have got totalk to her. (= I have to/must talk to her.) · Did you have to do that? (was that necessary?) Have got to means the same as have to in most situations. It is more common in an informal style.  

Exercise 1 Put the appropriate equivalent of the verb must:
a) is to; b) will have to; c) have to; d) had to; e) am to; f) shall have to.

 

1. I … get up early as I live far from the University.

2. We … stay at home yesterday because it rained.

3. The lesson …begin at 9.

4. I … make a report at our conference.

5. The main road was blocked and we … turn into a by-street.

6. I … post his letter tomorrow.

7. They … return on Monday.

8. You … do it as soon as possible.

 

Exercise 2 Replace the modal verbs with suitable equivalents:
a) have to; b) were allowed to; c) was able to; d) is able to; e) are allowed to; f) is to.

 

1. We must do this work today.

2. Children may watch TV till 11 o’clock.

3. They might take this book.

4. He can drive a car.

5. The train must arrive early in the morning.

6. He could read and write when he was 6 years old.

7. He can help you tomorrow.

 






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