SOME BUILDING PROFESSIONS

A man, who has been an apprentice for some years in a building trade and has therefore enough skill to be considered a skilled worker at his trade, is called tradesman or craftsman.

He may be a carpenter-and-joiner, bricklayer, mason, slater-and-tiler, plumber, electrician, house painter, glazier, floor-and-wall tiler, plasterer, paper-hanger, steeplejack, hot water fitter and so on.

Bricklayer is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork, lays and joints salt glazed stoneware drains, sets, chimney pots, manhole frames and fireplaces. He renders brickwork, including the insides of manholes. A sewer and tunnel bricklayer is a specialised bricklayer. In some districts of Great Britain, bricklayers also fix wall and flooring tiles, and slating and lay plaster and granolithic floors. But elsewhere these are plasterer's specialities.

Carpenter is a man who erects wood frames, fits joints, fixes wood floors, stairs and window frames, asbestos sheeting and other wallboard. He builds or dismantles wood or metal formwork. The two trades of carpenter and joiner were originally the same, and most men can do both, but specialise in one or the other. In the USA the term "carpenter" includes a joiner. The word is derived from the French word charpente which means a wood or metal framework.

Joiner is a man who makes joinery and works mainly at the bench of wood which has beencut and shaped by the machinists. His work is finer than the carpenter's, much of it being highly finished and done in a joinery shop which is not exposed to weather. In Scotland a joiner is a carpenter-and-joiner.

Mason is a stone worker or stone setter. In Scotland and the USA a bricklayer is usually also a mason. A fixer or a fixer-mason or a builder mason is a mason who sets prepared stones in walls, wether the stone be only facing or to the full wall thickness.

Plasterer is a tradesman who may be a fibrous plasterer or a plasterer in solid work. The latter lays successive coats of plaster or rendering and fixes fibrous plaster such as mould cornices and wall pattern. He can use a horsed mould, erect lathing for plaster, and apply stucco.

EXERCISES

I. Answer the following questions:

1. Who is called a tradesman or a craftsman? 2. Whose trades were originally the same? 3. Whose work is finer; the carpenter's or the joiner's? 4. What kind of work does a plasterer perform?

II. Read and translate the following word combinations :

CONSTRUCTION WORK

The buildings erected nowadays can be divided into two general classes: buildings for housing and industrial buildings. As far as material is concerned buildings can be divided into brick, wood, concrete, and steel buildings. Brick is an artificial building material made of clay which is then burnt for hardening. Natural stone rubble masonry is used for footing and foundations for external walls carrying the load. Buildings made of stone are durable and fire-resisting. The floors divide a building into stories. They may be either of timber or in brick buildings, of reinforced and small sizes.

The covering or upper parts of buildings meant to and wind and to preserve the interior from expolosure to weather, are called roofs. They tie the walls and give the construction strength and firmness.

Every building must have a beautiful appearance. The interior should be planned to suit the requirements of the occupants while the exterior must be simple with nothing superfluous. Every building should be provided with water, electricity, ventilation and heating systems. The water supply and sewerage systems are called plumbing.

Careful consideration must be given to the amount of -money which is going to be spent in building the house. An estimate depending upon the design of the building must be calculated after which work on the building can be started.

I. Choose the correct variant and complete the sentences. Memorise them:

I. Artificial building materials are made... (a) of wood, b) of brick). 2. Buildings made of stone are...(a) indurable, b) durable). 3. The coverings or upper parts of the building are called... (a) ceilings,b) roofs). 4. The exterior of a building must be... (a) with superfluous decorations, b) simple). 5.The water supply and sewerage systems are called... (a) heating, b)plumbing).

II. Complete the following sentences:

1.Building materials are divided into.... 2. The interior should be planned to suit....3. Every building should be provided with.... 4. An estimate depending upon the design of the building must be calculated...

III. Answer the following questions:

1.Into what groups can the buildings be divided as far as material is concerned? 2. Of what material are the buildings built? 3. How should the interior be planned? 4. In what way should the exterior be planned? 5. What should every building be provided with? 6. What must be calculated first of all?

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