Expressive means and stylistic devices

Stylistics studies the special media of language which are called stylistic devices and expressive means. Expressive means and stylistic devices form three large groups of phonetic, lexical, syntactical means and devices. Each group is further subdivided according to the principle, purpose and function of a mean or a device in an utterance. Stylistics studies the types of texts which are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of the communication and are called functional styles of language. Expressive means of a language are those phonetic, morphological, word-building, lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms which exist in language-as-a-system for the purpose of logical and/or emotional intensification of the utterance. These intensifying forms have special functions in making the utterances emphatic. A stylistic device is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive) promoted to a generalized status and thus becoming a generative model. A stylistic device is an abstract pattern, a mould into which any content can be poured.

Text and discourse

The original words of something written or printed, as opposed to a paraphrase, translation, revision, or condensation. There are two types of text: according to channel (oral and written) and according to structure message (literary, humanistic, scientific-technician, juridical, administrative, advertising, colloquial and journalistic). Text have got two properties: coherence and cohesion. Coherence property is to give the sensation that one speaks of the same thing. Cohesion property is a group of mechanism to connect the parts of a text. Text is an semantic, syntactic and pragmatic structure constituted for several levels of organization. The process of activation of the text by relating it to a context of use we call discourse. Characteristics: 1. contextuallity – a unity of represented events, the participants of these events, attendant circumstances, their background and estimation of the events by the participants. 2. personality – a concrete interaction of two individuals; its an act of self-expression in a communicative situation. 3. processuality – viewing discourse not as a final product (result), but as a process of alternation of two stages. Generation of utterances & their interpretation by both communicants in their common effort to work-out the structure of discourse at every concrete moment 4. situativity – the correspondence between discourse & the norms of the language situation, the communicative situation & sociative situation, provided by the discourse coordinates by the time space. 5. closeness & completeness.

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