Euphemismis used to avoid some unpleasant things, or taboo things. e. g. To pass away - to die.

Hyperbole is deliberate overstatement or exaggeration, the aim of which is to intensify one of the features of the object in question to such a degree as to show its utter absurdity. Like many SDs, hyperbole may lose its quality as a SD through frequent repetition and become a unit of the language as a system, reproduced in speech in its unaltered from. Here there are some examples: e. g. A thousand pardons, scared to death, immensely obliged. Hyperbole is a device which sharpens the reader's ability to make a logical assessment of the utterance. This is achieved, as in case with other devices, by awakening the dichotomy of thought and feeling where thought takes the upper hand though not to the detriment of feeling.

A cliche is generally defined as an expression that has become hackneyed and trite. It has lost its precise meaning by constant reiteration: in other words it has become stereotyped. Cliche is a kind of stable word combination which has become familiar and which has been accepted as a unit of a language e. g. rosy dreams of youth, growing awareness.

A proverb is a brief, witty phrase of generalizing nature characterized by the completeness of the thought and generally expressing the wisdom of the people. e.g. He laughs best who laughs last.

A saying is a common phrase differing from a proverb in that the thought is not completely expressed. e.g. to kill two birds with one stone.

Proverbs and sayings are mostly used by writers in the direct speech of characters to individualize their speech, and also as laconic, expressive and emotional ready-made phrases, they are often used both in the speech of characters and the author’s narrative to clarify and conform the thought.

Quotation is a phrase or sentence taken from a work of literature or other piece of writing and repeated in order to prove a point or support an idea. They are marked graphically: by inverted commas: dashes, italics.

Allusion is an indirect reference, by word or phrase, to a historical. literary, mythological fact or to a fact of everyday life made in the course of speaking or writing. The use of allusion presupposes knowledge of the fact, thing oк person alluded to on the part of the reader or listener.

Stylistic Inversion. The English word order is fixed. Any change which doesn't influence the meaning but is only aimed at emphasis is called a stylistic inversion. Stylistic inversion aims at attaching logical stress or additional emotional colouring to the surface meaning of the utterance. Therefore a specific intonation pattern is the inevitable satellite of inversion.

The following patterns of stylistic inversion are most frequently met in both English prose and English poetry.

1. The object is placed at the beginning of the sentence.

2. The attribute is placed after the word it modifies, e. g. With fingers weary and worn.

3. The predicate is placed before the subject, e.g. A good generous prayer it was.

4. The adverbial modifier is placed at the beginning of the sentence.

e.g. My dearest daughter, at your feet I fall.

5. Both modifier and predicate stand before the subject, e. g. In went Mr. Pickwick.

Detached constructions. Sometimes one of the secondary members of the sentence is placed so that it seems formally inderpendent of the word it refers to. Being formally inderpendent this secondary member acquires a greater degree of significance and is given prominence by intonation. e.g. She was gone. For good.

Parallel construction is a device which may be encountered not so much in the sentence as in the macro - structures dealt with the syntactical whole and the paragraph. The necessary condition in parallel construction is identical or similar, syntactical structure in two or more sentences or parts of sentence.

Chiasums is based on repetition of syntactical patterns, but it has a reversed order in one of the utterances. e.g. She was a good sport about all this, but so was he.

Suspense - is a compositional device which is realized through the separation of the Predicate from the Subject by deliberate introduction between them of a clause or a sentence. Thus the reader's interest is held up. This device is typical of oratoric style.

Climax (gradation) - an ascending series of words or utterances in which intensity or significance increases step by step. e. g. Every racing car, every racer, every mechanic, every ice - cream van was also plastered with advertising.

Antithesis is a SD based on the author's desire to stress certain qualities of the thing by appointing it to another thing possessing antagonistic features. e. g. They speak like saints and act like devils.

Enumeration is a SD which separates things, properties or actions brought together and form a chain of grammatically and semantically homogeneous parts of the utterance. e. g. She wasn't sure of anything and more, of him, herself, their friends, her work, her future.

Asyndeton is a deliberate avoidance of conjunctions in constructions in which they would normally used.

e.g. He couldn't go abroad alone, the sea upset his liver, he hated hotels.

Polysyndeton - is an identical repetition of conjunctions: used to emphasize simultaneousness of described actions, to disclose the authors subjective attitude towards the characters, to create the rhythmical effect. e. g. The heaviest rain, and snow, and hail, and sleet, could boast of the advantage over him in only one respect.

Ellipsis, break in the narrative, represented speech.

Ellipsis - is the omition of a word necessary for the complete syntactical construction of a sentence, but not necessary for understanding. The stylistic function of ellipsis used in author's narration is to change its tempo, to connect its structure. e. g. You feel all right? Anything wrong or what?

Aposiopesis (Break - in - the narrative). Sudden break in the narration has the function to reveal agitated state of the speaker. e. g. On the hall table there were a couple of letters addressed to her. One was the bill. The other...

There are 3 ways of reproducing character's speech.

1) direct speech;

2) indirect speech (reported speech)

3) represented speech.

Rhetorical question is one that expects no answer. It is asked in order to make a statement rather than to get a reply They are frequently used in dramatic situation and in publisistic style.

e. g. What was the good of discontented people who fitted in nowhere?

Litotes - is a device - an affirmation is expressed by denying its contrary

Usually litotes presupposes double negation. One through a negative particle (no, not) the other - through a word with negative meanixig. Its function is to convey doubts of the speaker concerning the exact characteristics of the object or a feeling.

e.g. It's not a bad thing - It's a good thing.

e.g. He is no coward. He is a brave man.

e.g. He was not without taste.

Question in the narrative. Changes the real nature of a question and turns it into a stylistic device. A question in the narrative is asked and answered by one and the same person, usually the author. It becomes akin to a parenthetical statement with strong emotional implications. e. g. For what is left the poet here? For Greeks a blush - for Greece a tear.As is seen from these examples the questions asked, unlike rhetorical questions do not contain statements. Question in the narrative is very often used in oratory. This is explained by one of the leading features of oratorical style - to induce the desired reaction to the content of the speech.

Repetition as a stylistic device is a direct successor of repetition as an expressive language means, which serves to emphasize certain statements of the speaker, and so possesses considerable emotive force.

It is not only a single word that can be repeated but a word combination and a whole sentence too.

As to the position occupied by the repeated unit in the sentence or utterance, we shall mention four main types, most frequently occurring in English literature:

1) anaphora – the repetition of the first word of several succeeding sentences or clauses (a …, a …, a …);

2) epiphora – the repetition of the final word (… a, … a, … a);

3) anadiplosis or catch repetition – the repetition of the same unit (word or phrase) at the end of the preceding and at the beginning of the sentence (…a, a …);

The combination of several catch repetitions produces a chain repetition.

4) framing or ring repetition – the repetition of the same unit at the beginning and at the end of the same sentence (a …, … a).

Morphological repetition, that is the repetition of a morpheme, is to be included into the stylistic means.e.g. I might as well face facts: good-bye, Susan, good-bye a big car, good-bye a big house, good-bye power, good-bye the silly handsome dreams.

Syntactical stylistic devices are based on the syntactical arrangement of the elements of a sentences or a paragraph.

Besides there is a comparatively large group of syntactical stylistic devices in which the stylistic effect is achieved not only through a peculiar syntactical structure of the utterance, but also through the employment of the semantical side of its elements. To these we can refer repetition, climax, antithesis and represented speech.

To finish up with the syntactical stylistic devices we shall describe the types of connection used stylistically: cumulation, asyndeton and polysyndeton.

Assonance is the repetition of similar stressed vowels within the line or stanza.

“… Tell this soul, with sorrow laden, if within the distant Aiden,

I shall clasp a sainted maiden, whom the angels name Lenore… (E. A. Poe)”

3. Define the stylistic devices which are used in the following sentences:

~~The stars danced playfully in the moonlight sky.

. 'He is a man of cloth',

~~Fish can get seasick.

My love is like a red, red rose.

~~A Farewell to Tobacco

This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle,

~~This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars,

Dry lake

~~"She arrived in a taxi and a flaming rage."

. In an age of pressurized happiness, we sometimes grow insensitive to subtle joys.

~~I heard a knock at the door.

At length I heard a ragged noise and mirth of thieves and murderers

~~"She arrived in a taxi and a flaming rage."

Eek! I saw a mouse.

~~. "The theme of the Egg Hunt is 'learning is delightful and delicious'--as, by the way, am I."

Blind mouths! that scarce themselves know how to hold / A sheep hook

~~Stand down.

The Three Enemies

~~.She is as thin as a toothpick.

That is as easy as shooting fish in a barrel

~~The car was suffering and was in need of some TLC.

"The Iron Lady"

~~The snow swaddled the earth like a mother would her infant child.

Red letter day - an important day. In calendars, important days and holidays are marked in red

~~Our lives on earth are short lived. Yet our after-life is forever. Isn\'t life just great....

Watching the show was like watching grass grow.

~~To Homer - John Keats

"When it pours, it reigns."

~~"Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight"

Don't bam on that table again

~~"American Home has an edifice complex."

"Look deep into our ryes."

~~.The birds were fluttering their wings.

In an age of pressurized happiness, we sometimes grow insensitive to subtle joys.

~~The fire crackled as it kept us warm from the fireplace.

"Hanging is too good for a man who makes puns; he should be drawn and quoted."

~~Pretty ugly

Non-working mother

~~"Success hasn’t changed Frank Sinatra. When he was unappreciated and obscure, he was hot-tempered, egotistical, extravagant, and moody. Now that he is rich and famous, he is still hot-tempered, egotistical, extravagant, and moody."

That is as easy as shooting fish in a barrel.

~~They fought like cats and dogs.

The girl named angel goes to hell

~~Darkness shouted from a distance.

'He writes with a fine hand'

~~The waffle jumped up out of the toaster.

Park drive

~~You were as brave as a lion.

A Dialog between Old England and New - Anne Bradstreet

~~This happy breed of men, this little world

This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England

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