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КАТЕГОРИИ:






THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.




The War of Independence started in 1775 and ended in 1783. It lasted for eight years. It was a war between Britain and its colonies in North America which wanted to be free. George Washington was commander-in-chief of the North American army and he did very much for the victory of the colonists.

In 1776 the Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson and some other people and adopted on July 4. Thirteen English colonies declared themselves free and independent of England, and each of them was called a state (штат). That is why July 4 is a national holiday in the United States, it is Inde­pendence Day and the birthday of the American nation. The Declaration was signed in a building (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On that building we can see the famous Liberty Bell which told the happy people outside that a new nation had been born.

After the Declaration of Independence the first national flag was taken on June 14, 1777. The flag had thirteen red and white stripes and thirteen white stars on a blue field in the left-hand corner. There was a star and a stripe for each of the former thirteen colonies.

When peace had been formally made with Britain in 1783, the people of the United States had to decide how they wanted to run their.new country. In 1787 the Constitution was adopted. It stated that the United States was to be a republic (a country governed by the people). The Americans chose George Washington as their first President.

 

THE CIVIL WAR BETWEEN THE STATES

In the 18th and 19th centuries the United States was divided into the North where labour was free, and the South where slaves worked.

The Negro slaves were freed by President Lincoln in 1863.

The war broke out soon after Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860. It was the war between the industrial North, where slavery was outlawed, and the agricultural South, where slave labour was much used.

So the slave owners in the South were displeased that Lincoln was elected and very soon after that the Southern States left the Union and formed their own Confederation. Lincoln was ready to use force to keep the Union together. Then the war broke out between the North and the South.

The population of the North was 22 million, and that of the South was 9 mil­lion, but the army of the South was well organized and ready for war. This could not be said of the army of the North. So in the first months of the war the South won several victories. Only when General Grant became commander-in-chief of the Northern Army, the North began to win the war and in April 1865 it ended. The victory of the Union forces ended slavery in the South and ensured that the United States remained one nation.

Отметьте данные ниже предложения как соответствующие (T) или несоответствующие (F) информации текста:

1. The War of Independence was waged by Negroes. ¨

2. The colonies that adopted the declaration began to call themselves states. ¨

3. Since 1776, July 4 is the national holiday. ¨

4. The first American flag had 11 red and white stripes and 11 stars. ¨

5. Each star and a stripe on the flag represented a state. ¨

6. The US became a republic by the Constitution. ¨

7. The first American president was G. Washington. ¨

8. In the 18th and 19th centuries there were no slaves in the US. ¨

9. President A. Lincoln freed the slaves in 1860. ¨

10. The Civil war was between Americans and their slaves. ¨

11. The army of the South won the war in the first months. ¨

 






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