NOTES ON WORD-FORMATION

The verb to land was made from the noun land by means of conversion which is a very productive way of making new words in modern English.

In conversion, a new word and the one from which it is produced have the same phonetic shape but always belong to different categories or parts of speech, so that verbs may be produced from nouns or adjectives (е.g. to hand вручать; to comb причесывать; to pocket класть в карман; to pale бледнеть), nouns from verbs (е.g. break перерыв; drive поездка; find находка), etc.

The other two main ways of word-building are affix­ation (or so called derivation) and composition.

In affixation new wordsare produced with the help of af­fixes (that is suffixes and prefixes), е. g: beautiful, swimmer, unbelievable.

In composition new words are produced from two or more stems, е.g.: classroom, wall newspaper, good-for-nothing, blue-eyed, etc.

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (I)

Words

break υ, n hesitate υ ruin υ, n

curl υ, n land υ ruinous adj

curled adj namesake n shock υ

curling adj nod υ, n smart (-looking) adj

curly adj pause υ, n stick υ

current a. rather adv vacant adj

drive υ, n rub υ vacancy n

driver n

Word Combinations

in a way to break off to be willing to do smth.

to break out to stick to smth. (smb.) to break the record

to be down and out to break with to commit suicide

to curl one's lip to drive at to curl up

on account of to drive up (away) to be taken aback

to drive smb. mad to shrug one's shoulders to make a pause

to have bad (good) luck to rub one's hands (together)

to rum up to bring smb. (smth.) to ruin

EXERCISES

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