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КАТЕГОРИИ:






Translation on the Level of Phonemes (Graphemes)




Phoneme is a sound of spoken language, which in the written language refers toa letter symbol. Phoneme or grapheme is not a carrier of independent meaning. In language it plays only a meaning distinguishing role. But, nevertheless, in translation practice there are cases, when phonemes become the translation units. Phonemes of SL are replaced by phonemes which are the closest to them in articulation and acoustic properties in the TL (or graphemes in the SL are replaced by the graphemes in the TL, which convey the identical sounds). For example, in the English name Ruth it is possible to pick up to each phoneme the ones closest in articulation and sounding in Ukrainian. In Ukrainian it will sound like Рут, in Russian — Руфь. Greek letter beta [b], read differently depending on the place in a word, therefore different spelling and pronunciation are observed in languages: Basil — Василь, Benjamin — Вен’ямін, Martha — Марта and Марфа.

 

The type of translation, where the correlation between units of SL and TL is established on the level of phonemes, is called transcription.

In case, when the correlation is established on the level of graphemes, we speak about transliteration.

It should be noted, that the pure use of only the transcription or transliteration is rare in language practice.

On the level of phonemes (graphemes) we translate personal names, geographical names, names of celestial bodies, organizations, hotels, restaurants, newspapers, lately these are Computer Sciences: трафік, хост, інтерфейс.

Regarding geographical names, one should be careful here: „Hook Head“ is translated as „Хук Хед“ (not „Гачкоподібна голова“), but “Cape of Good Hope“ is translated as „Мис Доброї Надії“. Similarly, the names of organizations are translated by means of transcription/transliteration fully or partially, but in both cases consulting the related reference books to find the precedent is required:

British Petroleum — Брітіш Петролеум, United States Steel Corporation — ЮССК, Kamsley Newspaper Limited — Газетний концерн (трест) Кемзлі.

Celestial bodies are transcribed, but constellation names, signs of the zodiac are translated: Діва —Virgin, Лев — Lion, Терези — Libra.

In geographical names hyphens are commonly used in translation:

Stratford on Avon — Стретфорд-он-Ейвон.

German poet Heine is rendered as Гейне, instead of Хайне, Heinrich — Генріх, instead of Хайнрішь.

Ships (spaceships, including) Apollo, Endeavor, Discoverer are translated as Аполло, Індевор, Дискаверер ( not „Дослідник“), because nomination, and not interpretation of the meaning are significant in the given case.

There are also exceptions in translating English personal names. Names George, Charles, William, James in Ukrainian refer to Джордж, Чарльз, Вільям (Уїльям), Джеймс. But when these names mean the English and other kings, then they are interpreted as Георг, Карл, Вільгельм and Яков (William the Conqueror — Вільгельм Завойов­ник, James Stuart — Яков Стюарт, etc.). English names Abraham, Isaac, Moses are interpreted as Абрахам, Айзек, Мозес, but when they mean biblical characters, then they must be translated as Аврам, Ісак, Мойсей.

One more very important observation: phonetic structure of words plays an extremely important role in poetry and really remains a very complicated problem for translators.

Russian poet Vysotsky V. was successful in playing upon sounds in his poems, their rhythmic repetitions being impressive: „Небосвод, кол-лло-кол-лла-ми раскол-лло-тый…“.

Children love words without any meaning, just a set of sounds

They make up just brilliant games starting from meaningless hand-count, which has its specific and important purpose — to develop their articulation apparatus, improve memory through learning, stir up imagination, creativity, etc.:

The level of phonemes should not be underestimated, otherwise something very marvellous and charming will be lacking in the translations of poetry.

 






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