1 страница. List of Illustrations Preface Introduction I. Why Seek Wisdom from Primitive Races II. The Progressive Decline of Modern

CONTENTS

List of Illustrations
Preface
Introduction

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1. LOENTSCHENTAL VALLEY IN SWITZERLAND

2. HAND-MILL USED BY NATIVES IN LOENTSCHENTAL VALLEY

3. NATIVES OF MODERN SWISS VALLEY SHOWING NORMAL DESIGN OF FACE AND DENTAL ARCHES WHEN ADEQUATE NUTRITION IS PROVIDED

4. NATIVES OF LOENTSCHENTAL VALLEY SHOWING TOOTH DECAY AND DEFORMED DENTAL ARCHES TYPICAL OF THOSE LIVING ON MODERN FOODS

5. A TYPICAL BLACK-HOUSE" ON THE ISLE OF LEWIS. NATIVES OF THE ISLE OF LEWIS

6. TOOTH DECAY IN NATIVE OF ISLE OF HARRIS LIVING ON MODERN FOODS AND EXCELLENT TEETH OF NATIVES LIVING ON PRIMITIVE FOODS

7. GAELIC CHILDREN LIVING ON NATIVE FOODS. GAELIC CHILDREN LIVING ON MODERN FOODS

8. VARIATIONS IN GROWTH OF OATS FERTILIZED WITH VARYING QUANTITIES OF SMOKE-THATCH

9. PRIMITIVE ALASKAN ESKIMOS SHOWING EXCELLENT FACIAL AND DENTAL ARCH FORMATION

10. PRIMITIVE ALASKAN MOTHERS

11. ALASKAN ESKIMOS SHOWING EFFECT ON TEETH OF MODERN FOODS

12. DEFECTIVE TEETH AND DENTAL ARCHES IN ESKIMO CHILDREN LIVING ON MODERN FOODS

13. DRIED EGGS OF SALMON ARE AN IMPORTANT ITEM OF NUTRITION

14. FACIAL AND DENTAL ARCH DEFORMITY IN WHITE BOY BORN IN ALASKA AND LIVING ON MODERN FOODS

15. FAMILY OF FOREST INDIANS OF NORTHERN CANADA

16. MODERNIZED INDIAN CHILDREN WITH TUBERCULOSIS

17. INDIAN WOMEN AND GIRLS TYPICAL OF THOSE LIVING ON PRIMITIVE FOODS

18. INDIAN WOMEN TYPICAL OF THOSE LIVING ON MODERN FOODS

19. DEFORMED FACIAL FORMATION IN CHILDREN OF FIRST GENERATION AFTER ADOPTION OF MODERN FOODS BY PARENTS

20. PRIMITIVE INDIANS OF CENTRAL CANADA: PARENTS DEVELOPED ON NATIVE FOODS, CHILDREN ON MODERN FOODS

21. TYPICAL CRIPPLED CHILDREN FOUND AMONG INDIANS LIVING ON MODERN FOODS

22. SKULLS OF PRIMITIVE INDIANS SHOWING SUPERB DENTAL ARCHES

23. SKULLS OF PRIMITIVE INDIANS SHOWING EXCELLENT BONE FORMATION

24. SEMINOLE INDIANS, TYPICAL OF THOSE LIVING ON NATIVE FOODS

25. DENTAL CARIES IN SEMINOLE INDIANS LIVING ON MODERN FOODS

26. SEMINOLE INDIAN CHILDREN SHOWING CHANGES IN FACIAL AND DENTAL ARCH FORM WHICH RESULT FROM MODERN FOODS

27. SKULLS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN INDIANS OF FLORIDA

28. MELANESIANS TYPICAL OF THOSE LIVING UNDER NATIVE CONDITIONS

29. FACIAL BONE FORMATION IN MELANESIANS LIVING ON NATIVE FOODS

30. FIJI COUNCIL HOUSE AND HEREDITARY FIJI MONARCH

31. TOOTH DECAY IN NATIVES OF FIJI ISLANDS LIVING ON IMPORTED FOOD

32. TOOTH DECAY AND CHANGES IN ARCH FORMATION IN FIRST GENERATION AFTER ADOPTION OF MODERN FOODS

33. PERFECT DENTAL ARCHES OF POLYNESIANS LIVING UNDER NATIVE CONDITIONS

34. TAHITIANS SHOWING DENTAL CARIES DUE TO IMPORTED FOODS

35. CHANGES IN TEETH AND IN DENTAL ARCH FORMATION OF POLYNESIANS LIVING ON MODERN FOODS

36. SAMOANS TYPICAL OF EXCELLENT FACIAL AND DENTAL ARCH FORMATION WHEN LIVING ON NATIVE FOODS. CHILDREN WITH FORMATION TYPICAL OF THOSE BORN OF UNDER-NOURISHED PARENTS

37. HAWAIIAN FAMILY SHOWING CHANGES IN FACIAL FORM IN YOUNGER CHILDREN OF SAME FAMILY

38. TOOTH DECAY AND TUBERCULOSIS AS A RESULT OF UNDER-NUTRITION IN A POLYNESIAN GIRL

39. MEMBERS OF MASAI TRIBE ILLUSTRATING EXCELLENT RESULTS OF DIET OF MEAT, MILK AND BLOOD

40. METHOD BY WHICH BLOOD IS DRAWN FROM STEER

41. FACIAL AND DENTAL ARCH DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICAN TRIBES LIVING ON NATIVE FOODS

42. FACIAL AND DENTAL ARCH DEVELOPMENT IN MEMBERS OF BELGIAN CONGO TRIBE LIVING ON NATIVE FOODS

43. PYGMIES OF BELGIAN CONGO

44. DENTAL CARIES IN AFRICANS WHO HAVE ADOPTED MODERN FOODS

45. CHANGES IN FACIAL AND DENTAL ARCH DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN OF FIRST GENERATION AFTER ADOPTION BY PARENTS OF MODERN FOODS

46. AFRICANS SHOWING FACIAL DEFORMITIES DUE TO DIET OF MODERN FOODS

47. AFRICANS SHOWING FACIAL DEFORMITIES IN FIRST GENERATION AFTER ADOPTION BY PARENTS OF MODERN FOODS

48. AFRICAN CHILDREN SHOWING A MARKED DEPRESSION OF MIDDLE THIRD OF FACE DUE TO MALNUTRITION OF PARENTS

49. CAMELS' MILK IS AN IMPORTANT ITEM OF NUTRITION IN ASIA AND AFRICA

50. FACIAL DEFORMITIES FOUND IN BOYS AND GIRLS LIVING IN CAIRO UNDER MODERN CONDITIONS

51. AFRICAN CHILDREN WALKING ON "ALL FOURS"

52. TYPICAL ABORIGINES OF AUSTRALIA

53. MAGNIFICENT DENTAL ARCHES AND TEETH FOUND IN ABORIGINES

54. DENTAL CARIES IN ABORIGINES LIVING ON MODERN FOODS

55. CHANGES IN TEETH AND ARCH FORMATION IN MODERNIZED ABORIGINES

56. DISTURBANCE IN FACIAL GROWTH IN MODERNIZED ABORIGINES

57. DEFORMITY PATTERNS PRODUCED IN ABORIGINES BY MODERN FOOD

58. EFFECTS OF MALNUTRITION IN AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES LIVING ON A RESERVATION

59. TYPICAL ABORIGINE MOTHERS WITH THEIR CHILDREN

60. COMPARISON OF SKULL OF TYPICAL ABORIGINE WITH THAT OF PEKING MAN

61. INHABITANTS OF ISLANDS NORTH OF AUSTRALIA HAVE SPLENDIDLY BUILT BODIES WITH FINE FACIAL AND DENTAL ARCH FORM

62. COMPARISON OF FACIAL AND DENTAL ARCH FORMATION IN NATIVE AND IN WHITE CHILDREN ON THURSDAY ISLAND

63. GOOD PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NATIVES OF HAMMOND ISLAND

64. DENTAL ARCHES IN NATIVES ON THE ISLANDS OF THE GREAT BARRIER REEF

65. CONTRAST IN FACIAL AND DENTAL ARCH FORM BETWEEN PRIMITIVE AND MODERNIZED NATIVES

66. DEFORMED DENTAL ARCHES IN WHITE CHILDREN ON THURSDAY ISLAND

67. TOOTH DECAY IN WHITE CHILDREN IN TORRES STRAIT ISLANDS

68. DENTAL CLINIC MAINTAINED BY NEW ZEALAND GOVERNMENT

69. THE MAORI HAD THE REPUTATION OF HAVING THE FINEST TEETH AND BODIES OF ANY RACE IN THE WORLD

70. TOOTH DECAY IS FOUND IN MODERNIZED MAORI

71. THE WHITES LIVING IN NEW ZEALAND HAVE POOR TEETH

72. FACIAL DEFORMITIES IN MAORI BORN AFTER ADOPTION OF MODERN FOODS

73. MAORI SKULLS SHOWING FINE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

74. MAORI DEMONSTRATING SOME OF THE ACCESSORY ESSENTIALS OBTAINED FROM THE SEA

75. TREPHINED SKULLS OF ANCIENT PEOPLES OF PERU

76. TREPHINED SKULLS WITH GOLD PLATES IN POSITION

77. POTTERY JAR DEPICTING ANCIENT PERUVIAN SURGERY. BONE SHOWING HEALING OF FRACTURE

78. SKULLS OF FISHERMEN OF CHIMU CULTURE

79. ANCIENT AQUEDUCT OF PERU

80. DESCENDANTS OF ANCIENT CHIMUS SHOWING FLATTENING OF BACK OF HEAD

81. SOME DESCENDANTS OF THE ANCIENT CHIMUS ARE STILL LIVING IN A FEW FISHING VILLAGES IN THE NORTH OF PERU

82. STONE FORTRESS BUILT BY PRIMITIVE PEOPLE OF ANDEAN SIERRA

83. TYPICAL SKULLS OF HIGH SIERRA INDIANS

84. DESCENDANTS OF THE TAUHUANOCAN INDIANS OF PERU

85. THE QUICHUA INDIANS LIVING IN THE HIGH ANDES ARE DESCENDANTS OF THE INCAS

86. INDIANS OF THE HIGH ANDES HAVE MAGNIFICENT PHYSIQUES

87. INDIANS OF THE HIGH ANDES HAVE SUPERB FACIAL AND DENTAL ARCH DEVELOPMENT

88. INTRODUCTION OF MODERN FOODS TO SIERRA INDIANS PRODUCED WRECKAGE OF PHYSIQUES

89. JUNGLE INDIANS OF THE AMAZON BASIN

90. FACIAL AND DENTAL ARCH DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUNGLE INDIANS IS SUPERB

91. EXCELLENCE OF SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT OF JUNGLE INDIANS AS EXPRESSED IN FACES AND DENTAL ARCHES

92. A MARKED CHANGE IN FACIAL FORM WITH CROWDING OF TEETH OCCURS IN JUNGLE INDIANS BORN AFTER ADOPTION OF MODERN FOODS

93. RAPID HEALING OF FRACTURED FEMUR IN BOY SUFFERING FROM MALNUTRITION, AFTER INSTITUTION OF PROPER NUTRITION

94. IMPROVEMENT ACCOMPLISHED BY PROPER NUTRITION IN BOY SUFFERING FROM INFLAMMATORY RHEUMATISM

95. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT WHEAT PRODUCTS ON RATS

96. TEETH SHOWING PERMEABILITY OF DECAYED DENTIN TO SILVER NITRATE

97. THREE CASES ILLUSTRATING HOW NATURE CAN CLOSE AN EXPOSURE OF PULP DUE TO DENTAL CARIES

98. FOUR MELANESIANS BORN ON FOUR DIFFERENT ISLANDS LOOK LIKE BROTHERS BUT ARE NOT BLOOD RELATIONS

99. FOUR POLYNESIAN GIRLS LIVING ON DIFFERENT ISLANDS ARE NOT RELATED THOUGH THEY LOOK LIKE SISTERS

100.DISTURBED HEREDITY: TWO PERUVIAN INDIAN FATHERS WITH GOOD PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND THEIR SONS WHO SHOW DEFECTS

101.DISTURBED HEREDITY ILLUSTRATED BY FATHER AND SON OF WAKAMBA TRIBE OF CENTRAL AFRICA

102.DISTURBED HEREDITY IN QUICHA INDIANS

103.DISTURBED HEREDITY IN AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES

104.TWO MAORI SISTERS, AND TWO WHITE SISTERS IN PERU, SHOWING FACIAL CHANGES THAT MAY OCCUR IN SAME GENERATION WITH CHANGE FROM PRIMITIVE TO MODERN DIET BY PARENTS

105.SIX BROTHERS SHOWING FACIAL CHANGES IN SAME GENERATION DUE TO CHANGE FROM PRIMITIVE TO MODERN FOODS BY PARENTS

106.CHANGE IN FACIAL FORM IN TWO YOUNGER BROTHERS, CORRESPONDING TO CHANGE IN DIET BY PARENTS

107.NATIVES FROM ISLANDS NORTH OF AUSTRALIA SHOWING PROGRESSIVE FACIAL CHANGE IN SAME FAMILY DUE TO CHANGE IN FOODS

108.WHITE GIRLS IN NEW ZEALAND ILLUSTRATE PROGRESSIVE LENGTHENING AND NARROWING OF FACE AND HIPS

109.NEW ZEALAND MAORI ILLUSTRATING PROGRESSIVE CHANGE IN FACIAL FORM OF TWO YOUNGER BOYS

110.NEW ZEALAND MAORI ILLUSTRATING MARKED UNDERSIZE AND DEFORMITY OF FEET IN SECOND CHILD IN FAMILY

111.MODERNIZED PERUVIAN INDIAN BOY SHOWING DISTURBED DEVELOPMENT OF FACE AND FOOT

112.MODERNIZED COASTAL INDIAN OF ECUADOR SHOWING SERIOUS PHYSICAL DEFORMITIES

113.ESKIMO CHILDREN ILL IN TUBERCULOSIS WARD OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL AT JUNEAU

114.PATIENTS IN THE MAORI HOSPITAL IN NEW ZEALAND SHOWING MARKED FACIAL UNDER-DEVELOPMENT

115.GIRLS IN TUBERCULOSIS WARD OF NEW ZEALAND HOSPITAL FOR MAORI SHOW MARKED FACIAL AND DENTAL ARCH DISTURBANCES

116.NATIVE HAWAIIAN CHILDREN WITH TUBERCULOSIS, SHOWING MARKED DISTURBANCES OF FACIAL FORM AND DENTAL ARCH DEVELOPMENT

117.DEFORMITIES OF PIG DUE TO LACK OF VITAMIN A IN MOTHERS DIET

118.DEFORMITIES DUE TO LACK OF ADEQUATE VITAMIN A IN MOTHERS DIET

119.MANY YOUNG OF MODERN DOMESTIC ANIMALS ARE BORN WITH DEFORMITIES

120.PUPPIES BORN WITH PHYSICAL DEFECTS DUE TO DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN A IN FATHER

121.TYPICAL DEFORMITIES IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS

122.CRIMINALS. WERE THEIR UNSOCIAL TRAITS RELATED TO INCOMPLETE BRAIN ORGANIZATION ASSOCIATED WITH PRENATAL INJURY

123.MARKED LACK OF NORMAL FACIAL DEVELOPMENT IN NOTORIOUS YOUNG CRIMINALS

124.TYPICAL MONGOLOID DEFECTIVE

125.PHYSICAL CHANGES IN MONGOLOID TYPE DUE TO MOVEMENT OF MAXILLARY BONES TO STIMULATE PITUITARY GLAND IN BASE OF BRAIN

126.X-RAY PICTURES SHOWING POSITION OF TEETH BEFORE AND DURING OPERATION TO MOVE MAXILLARY BONES

127.TWIN BOYS WITH SAME DEFORMITY OF DENTAL ARCH

128.BOYS TYPICAL OF GROUP IN SPECIAL SCHOOL FOR BACKWARD CHILDREN

129.FIJI WOMAN WHO HAS GONE LONG DISTANCE TO GATHER SPECIAL FOOD NEEDED FOR PRODUCTION OF HEALTHY CHILDREN

130.AFRICAN WOMAN WHO HAS COME DOWN THE MOUNTAINS TO GATHER SPECIAL PLANTS OF WHICH THE ASHES PREVENT GOITER

131.X-RAYS OF TEETH OF THREE CHILDREN IN ONE FAMILY SHOW PROGRESSIVE INJURY IN YOUNGER CHILDREN

132.X-RAYS ILLUSTRATING PROGRESSIVE INJURY IN TWO YOUNGER CHILDREN IN FAMILY

133.X-RAYS COMPARING DEFORMITIES OF FACIAL FORM IN CHILD BORN AFTER LONG LABOR WITH BETTER FACIAL FORM IN SISTER BORN AFTER SHORT LABOR

134.GIRL SHOWING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LACK OF PELVIC DEVELOPMENT AND DEFORMITY OF FACE

MAPS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

THE gracious reception given to my several reports of field studies among primitive racial groups and the many requests for copies of those brief reports and for further data, together with the need for providing interpretations and applications of the data, have induced me to consolidate my investigations. There have also been many requests from my patients and from members of the medical and dental professions for concise statements as to what I have found that would be useful as preventive procedures. In addition I have been conscious of an opportunity for helpfulness to the members of the various primitive races that I have studied and who are so rapidly declining in health and numbers at their point of contact with our modern civilization. Since they have so much accumulated wisdom that is passing with them, it has seemed important that the elements in the modern contacts that are so destructive to them should be discovered and removed.

There has been a deep sense of obligation to the officials of many countries for the great kindness and assistance that they have so cheerfully given by providing the opportunity for these investigations. The list of these individuals is much too long to mention them all by name. One of the joys of my work has been the privilege of knowing the magnificent characters that are at the outposts earnestly striving to better the welfare of the natives whom they are ministering to, but who are distraught with the recognition that under the modernization program the natives decline in health and become afflicted by our modern types of degenerative diseases. It would be fortunate if each of these field workers could be provided with a copy of this report which they have helped to make possible.

In order to make this information available to as wide a group as possible, I have avoided technical language and will ask the indulgence of professional readers.

There are some individuals whose assistance I must acknowledge specifically: Reverend Father John Siegen and Doctor Alfred Gysi of Switzerland; Mrs. Lulu Herron and Doctor J. Romig of Alaska; the Indian Department at Ottawa; the Department of Indian Affairs at Washington, D. C.; the officials of the eight archipelagos studied in the Pacific; Colonel J. L. Saunders of New Zealand; the Minister of Health, New Zealand; Dr. W. Stewart Ziele of Sydney, Australia; Sir Herbert Gepp of Melbourne, Australia; Doctor William M. Hughes, Minister of Health, Canberra; Dr. Cummiston, Director-General of Health, Australian Commonwealth, Canberra; Doctor Rapael Cilento of Queensland, Australia; Mr. E. W. Saranealis, Thursday Island; the Department of Health of Kenya, Africa; the Department of Health for Belgian Congo, Brussells; the Department of National Parks, Belgian Congo; Minister of the Interior, Peru; Doctor Albert Giesecke and Esther Giesecke of Peru; the Directors of Museums in Sydney and Canberra, Australia; Auckland, New Zealand; Vancouver, and Toronto, Canada; Washington, New York and Chicago, the United States; Juneau, Alaska; Rome, Italy; and Cairo, Egypt; the publishers of the Ohio State Medical Journal, the Journal of the American Dental Association, the Dental Digest and the Dental Items of Interest; my faithful secretary, Mrs. Ruth MacMaster; Professor W. G. Garnett who so kindly provided the critical reading of the manuscript, and the publishers who furnished constructive suggestions and cooperation. To these and a host of others I am deeply indebted and profoundly grateful.

WESTON A. PRICE

8926 Euclid Avenue,
Cleveland, Ohio, 1938.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

THIS text provides a new approach to some problems of modern degeneration. Instead of the customary procedure of analyzing the expressions of degeneration, a search has been made for groups to be used as controls who are largely free from these affections.

After spending several years approaching this problem by both clinical and laboratory research methods, I interpreted the accumulating evidence as strongly indicating the absence of some essential factors from our modern program, rather than the presence of injurious factors. This immediately indicated the need for obtaining controls. To accomplish this it became necessary to locate immune groups which were found readily as isolated remnants of primitive racial stocks in different parts of the world. A critical examination of these groups revealed a high immunity to many of our serious affections so long as they were sufficiently isolated from our modern civilization and living in accordance with the nutritional programs which were directed by the accumulated wisdom of the group. In every instance where individuals of the same racial stocks who had lost this isolation and who had adopted the foods and food habits of our modern civilization were examined, there was an early loss of the high immunity characteristics of the isolated group. These studies have included a chemical analysis of foods of the isolated groups and also of the displacing foods of our modern civilization.

These investigations have been made among the following primitive racial stocks including both isolated and modernized groups: the Swiss of Switzerland, the Gaelics in the Outer and Inner Hebrides, the Eskimos of Alaska, the Indians in the far North, West and Central Canada, Western United States and Florida, the Melanesians and Polynesians on eight archipelagos of the Southern Pacific, tribes in eastern and central Africa, the Aborigines of Australia, Malay tribes on islands north of Australia, the Maori of New Zealand and the ancient civilizations and their descendants in Peru both along the coast and in the Sierras, also in the Amazon Basin. Where available the modernized whites in these communities also were studied. There have been many important unexpected developments in these investigations. While a primary quest was to find the cause of tooth decay which was established quite readily as being controlled directly by nutrition, it rapidly became apparent that a chain of disturbances developed in these various primitive racial stocks starting even in the first generation after the adoption of the modernized diet and rapidly increased in severity with expressions quite constantly like the characteristic degenerative processes of our modern civilization of America and Europe. While tooth decay has proved to be almost entirely a matter of the nutrition of the individual at the time and prior to the activity of that disease, a group of affections have expressed themselves in physical form. These have included facial and dental arch changes which, heretofore, have been accounted for as results of admixtures of different racial stocks. My investigations have revealed that these same divergencies from normal are reproduced in all these various racial stocks while the blood is still pure. Indeed, these even develop in those children of the family that are born after the parents adopted the modern nutrition.

Applying these methods of study to our American families, we find readily that a considerable percentage of our families show this same deterioration in the younger members. The percentage of individuals so affected in our American communities in which I have made studies varies through a wide range, usually between 25 per cent to 75 per cent. A certain percentage of this affected group has not only these evidences of physical injury, but also personality disturbances, the most common of which is a lower than normal mental efficiency and acuteness, chiefly observed as so-called mental backwardness which includes the group of children in the schools who are unable to keep up with their classmates. Their I.Q.'s are generally lower than normal and they readily develop inferiority complexes growing out of their handicap. From this group or parallel with it a certain percentage develop personality disturbances which have their expression largely in unsocial traits. They include the delinquents who at this time are causing so much trouble and concern because of evidence of increase in their numbers. This latter group has been accounted for largely on the basis of some conditioning experience that developed after the child had reached an impressionable age. My investigations are revealing a physical structural change and therefore, an organic factor which precedes and underlies these conditioning influences of the environment. The fact that a government survey has shown that 66 per cent of the delinquents who have been treated in the best institutions and released as cured, later have developed their unsocial or criminal tendencies, strongly emphasizes the urgent necessity that if preventive methods are to be applied these must precede and forestall the primary injuries themselves.

While it has been known that certain injuries were directly related to an inadequate nutrition of the mother during the formative period of the child, my investigations are revealing evidence that the problem goes back still further to defects in the germ plasms as contributed by the two parents. These injuries, therefore, are related directly to the physical condition of one or of both of these individuals prior to the time that conception took place.

A very important phase of my investigations has been the obtaining of information from these various primitive racial groups indicating that they were conscious that such injuries would occur if the parents were not in excellent physical condition and nourishment. Indeed, in many groups I found that the girls were not allowed to be married until after they had had a period of special feeding. In some tribes a six months period of special nutrition was required before marriage. An examination of their foods has disclosed special nutritional factors which are utilized for this purpose.

The scope of this work, accordingly, becomes of direct interest in many fields including the various branches of the healing arts, particularly medicine and dentistry, and the social organizations that are concerned with betterment of the racial stock. Similarly, the educational groups are concerned directly since, if we are to stem the tide by passing new information on to the parents of the new generation, it must be done prior to the time the emergency shall arise. This involves a system of education directed particularly to the high school age pupils.

The data that are being presented in the following chapters suggest the need for reorientation in many problems of our modern social organization. The forces involved in heredity have in general been deemed to be so powerful as to be able to resist all impacts and changes in the environment. These data will indicate that much that we have interpreted as being due to heredity is really the result of intercepted heredity. While great emphasis has been placed on the influence of the environment on the character of the individual, the body pattern has generally been supposed to require a great number of impacts of a similar nature to alter the design. The brain has been assumed to be similarly well organized in most individuals except that incidents in the life of the individual such as disappointments, fright, etc., are largely responsible for disturbed behavior. Normal brain functioning has not been thought of as being as biologic as digestion. The data provided in the succeeding chapters indicate that associated with disturbances in the development of the bones of the head, disturbances may at the same time occur in the development of the brain. Such structural defects usually are not hereditary factors even though they appear in other members of the family or parents. They are products of the environment rather than hereditary units transmitted from the ancestry.

In the light of these data important new emphasis is placed on the quality of the germ cells of the two parents as well as on the environment provided by the mother. The new evidence indicates that the paternal contribution may be an injured product and that the responsibility for defective germ cells may have to be about equally divided between the father and mother. The blending of races has been blamed for much of the distortion and defects in body form in our modern generation. It will be seen that these face changes occur in all the pure blood races studied in even the first generation, after the nutrition of the parents has been changed.

The origin of personality and character appear in the light of the newer data to be biologic products and to a much less degree than usually considered pure hereditary traits. Since these various factors are biologic, being directly related to both the nutrition of the parents and to the nutritional environment of the individuals in the formative and growth period any common contributing factor such as food deficiencies due to soil depletion will be seen to produce degeneration of the masses of people due to a common cause. Mass behavior therefore, in this new light becomes the result of natural forces, the expression of which may not be modified by propaganda but will require correction at the source. Nature has been at this process of building human cultures through many millenniums and our culture has not only its own experience to draw from but that of parallel races living today as well as those who lived in the past. This work, accordingly, includes data that have been obtained from several of Nature's other biologic experiments to throw light on the problems of our modern white civilization.

In presenting the evidence I am utilizing photographs very liberally. A good illustration is said to be equivalent to a thousand words of text. This is in keeping too with the recent trend in journalism. The pictures are much more convincing than words can be, and since the text challenges many of the current theories, the most conclusive evidence available is essential.

Owing to the many requests received for slides or the loan of my negatives, provision is being made for supplying a limited number of slides of the illustrations in either black and white or in color. Slides of other subjects are available.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1

WHY SEEK WISDOM FROM PRIMITIVE PEOPLES

SOME of the primitive races have avoided certain of the life problems faced by modernized groups and the methods and knowledge used by the primitive peoples are available to assist modernized individuals in solving their problems. Many primitive races have made habitual use of certain preventive measures in meeting crucial life problems.

Search for controls among remnants of primitive racial stocks has been resorted to as a result of failure to find them in our modernized groups or to find the controlling factors by applying laboratory methods to the affected clinical material. Only the primitive groups have been able to provide adequate normal controls.

In the following chapters, I have presented descriptions of certain peoples and their environments in primitive state, and, for comparative study, descriptions of members of the primitive tribes who have been in contact with modernized white races. I have recorded the effects of that contact as expressed in physical and character changes, and have given a survey of the factors in the environment which have changed. It has been necessary to study in this way a wide variety of primitive groups and physical environments. It will, accordingly, be advisable for the reader to keep in mind the comparative effects of different altitudes, latitudes, temperatures and races, and to note the similarity of the reactions of these primitive groups when contact is made with our modern civilization. The purpose is to glean data that will be applicable for use in correcting certain tragic expressions of our modern degeneration, including tooth decay, general physical degeneration, and facial and dental-arch deformities, and character changes. These data will be useful in preventing race decay and deformities, in establishing a higher resistance to infective diseases, and in reducing the number of prenatal deficiency injuries. These latter include such expressions as mental deficiencies caused by brain defects in the formative period, which result in mental disturbances ranging from moderate backwardness to character abnormalities.

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