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Physical hazards at the extreme situations
Occupational microclimat – is the complex of physical factors (convection and radiation temperature, air humidity and the velocity of air movement), determining the thermal status of the worker’s organism.
Table 1. Hygienic standartization of occupational microclimate at the extreme situations
| Heaviness of work | Energy losses, W | Class of work conditions* | |||||
| Optimal | Admissible | Harmful | |||||
| 1 level | 2 level | 3 level | 4 level | ||||
| 1 a | up to 139 | 21.0-23.4 | 23.5-25.4 | 25.5-26.6 | 26.7-27.4 | 27.5-28.6 | 28.7-31.0 |
| 1 b | 140-174 | 20.2-22.8 | 22.9-25.8 | 25.9-26.1 | 26.2-26.9 | 27.0-27.9 | 28.0-30.3 |
| 2 a | 175-232 | 19.2-21.9 | 22.0-25.1 | 25.2-25.5 | 25.6-26.3 | 26.3-27.3 | 27.4-29.9 |
| 2 b | 233-290 | 18.2-20.9 | 21.0-23.9 | 24.0-24.2 | 24.3-25.0 | 25.1-26.4 | 26.5-29.1 |
| >290 | 17.0-18.9 | 19.0-21.8 | 21.9-22.2 | 22.3-23.4 | 23.5-25.7 | 25.8-27.9 |
- by WBGT-index (complex evaluation of occupational microclimate)
Table 2. Hygienic standartization of occupational noise at the extreme situations
| Kinds of activity and working places | Levels of sound pressure (dB) in octave lines with average geometrical frequencies (Hz) | Levels of sound (dBA) |
| 31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 | ||
| Creative labour work of scientists and students, medical activity, laboratories | 86 71 61 54 49 45 42 40 38 | |
| Administrative work, work with measurement and analytic works, control works | 93 79 70 63 58 55 52 50 49 | |
| All kinds of work (at the expense of above listed) on the constant working places in production premises and on the territory of industrial enterprises | 107 95 87 82 78 75 73 71 69 | 80* |
* MSL for non-constant sound: equivalent level makes 80 dBA and maximum level – 110 dBA.
Occupational noise – is the complex of sounds with various intensity and frequency, has irregular character and causes unpleasant feeling.
Classification of occupational noise:
· by the spectrum:
- wide-frame (the spectrum is more than an octave);
- tonal (having discrete tones);
· by the time characteristics:
- constant (level up to 5 dBA);
- non-constant (level more than 5 dBA):
discrete (has stable intervals with constant noise level);
impulse (consist of some sounds signals);
· by the frequency:
low-frequency (up to 350 Hz);
average- frequency (up to 800 Hz);
high frequency (more than 1,000 Hz).
Industrial dust – is the gas-dispersed system with solid phase.
Classification of industrial dust
· According to the origin:
aerosols of condensation: condensed steams of metals, etc.;
aerosols of disintegration: organic, mineral (non-organic), mixed dust.
· By the particle size of dust:
high dispersed;
average dispersed;
low dispersed.
Physical factors of dust:
Dispersity.
Form and consistence.
Solubility.
Electrical charge.
Radioactivity.
Influence of dust to the human at the extreme situations:
Direct influence:
- irritative: mechanical irritation of mucous leading to inflammative processes;
- toxic: toxic dust results chronic and acute poisoning;
- mutagenic;
- teratogenic;
- carcinogenic;
- specific (fibrogenic) – it’s typical for silica dust;
- photodynamic: dust can sensibiliser skin cells to solar UV radiation;
- biological – aerogenic transport of disease agents (anthrax);
- allergic;
- radioactive.
Indirect influence:
- decreasing of the negative-charged ions in the air;
- forming of fogs in humid air;
- lead to overheating microclimate.
Hygienic measures:
· Hygienic standartization of occupational factors at the extreme situations (chemical, physical, biological): MAC, MSL, RSLA, etc.
· Sanitary-technological measures.
· Architectural-planning measures.
· Sanitary-technical measures.
· Planning measures.
· Individual protection.
· Medical-biological actions.
6. LITERATURE:
6.1. The basic:
6.1.1. Hygiene and ecology / under the editorship of Corresponding Member of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, professor V. G. Bardov. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha publishers, 2009. – P. 565-579.
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