Additional literature and resources. 2 www.encyclopedia.com

2 www.encyclopedia.com

Clive Oxenden, Christina Latham-Koenig New English File Advanced. Student Book, Oxford University Press 2010

4 First Certificate. Language Practice. Macmillan 2003

Exercise 1. Read the text.

Wood processing

Peeling, slicing, sawing, and chemically altering hardwoods and softwoods to form finished products such as boards or veneer, particles or chips for making paper, particle, or fiber products is considered to be wood processing.

A high percentage of the weight of freshly cut or green wood is water. Green wood contains free water in the cell cavities and bound water in the cell walls. When all the free water has been extracted and before any of the bound water has been removed, the wood is said to be at the fiber saturation point. As the moisture content falls below the fiber saturation point, the bound water leaves the cell walls and the wood shrinks. During the drying process, differential shrinkage can cause internal stresses in the wood. If not controlled, this can result in defects such as cracks, splits, and warp. Below the fiber saturation point, wood takes on and gives off water molecules depending on the relative humidity of the air around it and swells and shrinks accordingly.

Wood is machined to bring it to a specific size and shape for fastening, gluing, or finishing. With the exception of lasers, which have a limited application at this time, all machining is based on a sharpened wedge that is used to sever wood fibers. Tools for sawing, boring holes, planning, and shaping, as well as the particles in sandpaper, use some version of the sharpened wedge.

Wood is ground to fibers for hardboard, medium-density fiberboard, and paper products. It is sliced and flaked for particle-board products, including wafer boards and oriented strand boards. Whether made from waste products (sawdust, planer shavings, slabs, edgings) or round wood, the individual particles generally exhibit the anisotropy and hygroscopicity of larger pieces of wood. The negative effects of these properties are minimized to the degree that the three wood directions (longitudinal, tangential, and radial) are distributed more or less randomly.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences.

v Peeling, slicing, sawing, and chemically altering hardwoods and softwoods are considered to be ….

v A high percentage of the weight of freshly cut or green wood is ….

v Green wood contains free water in the ….

v Green wood contains bound water in the ….

v The wood is said to be at the fiber saturation point when….

v The bound water leaves the cell walls and the wood ….

v During the drying process, differential shrinkage can cause internal stresses in the ….

v Internal stresses in the wood can result such defects as…..

v Wood is machined to bring it to a specific size and shape for ….

v With the exception of lasers, all machining is based on a sharpened wedge that is used to sever …..

v Tools for sawing, boring holes, planning, and shaping, as well as the particles in sandpaper, use some version of……

v Wood is ground to fibers for hardboard, medium-density fiberboard, and ….

v It is sliced and flaked for particle-board products, including water boards and ….

v The individual particles generally exhibit the anisotropy and hygroscopicity of ….

v The negative effects of these properties are minimized to the degree that the three wood directions are distributed more or less ….

Exercise 3. Give the Russian equivalents of the following sentences.

A high percentage of the weight of freshly cut or green wood is water.

Green wood contains free water in the cell cavities and bound water in the cell walls.

During the drying process, differential shrinkage can cause internal stresses in the wood.

If not controlled, this can result in defects such as cracks, splits, and warp.

Wood is machined to bring it to a specific size and shape for fastening, gluing, or finishing.

Wood is ground to fibers for hardboard, medium-density fiberboard, and paper products.

It is sliced and flaked for particle-board products, including wafer boards and oriented strand boards.

Exercise 4. Answer the questions.

Ø What is considered to be wood processing?

Ø What does the freshly cut or green wood contain in a high percentage?

Ø Where does green wood contain free water?

Ø Where does green wood contain bound water?

Ø When is the wood said to be at the fiber saturation point?

Ø When does the wood shrink?

Ø What can cause the internal stresses in the wood?

Ø What purpose is wood machined for?

Ø What is all machining based on?

Ø Which things use some version of the sharpened wedge?

Exercise 5. Look at the photos and answer the questions.

v What do you know about wood processing?

v Is it a complicated process or not?

v What kinds of tools and machines are used in wood processing?

v How long does it take for making wood a ready product?

v Which specialists are involved in wood processing?

Exercise 6. Speak on the given topic using following words and word combinations.

Wood processing is a complex of processes.

Grammar

Exercise 1. Open the brackets, put the verb in the right form.

1. A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars?"

B: I don't know. I ________ (see, never) that movie.

2. Sam________ (arrive) in San Diego a week ago.

3. My best friend and I________ (know) each other for over fifteen years. We still get together once a week.

4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He________ (write) ten very creative short stories in the last year. One day, he'll be as famous as Hemingway.

5. I________ (have, not) this much fun since I (be) a kid.

Exercise 2. Put the verbs in the Past Simple, Present Perfect or Past Perfect Tense.

1. When I________ (arrive) home last night, I discovered that Jane________ (prepare) a beautiful candlelight dinner.

2. Since I began acting, I________ (perform) in two plays, a television commercial and a TV drama. However, I________ (speak, never even) publicly before I came to Hollywood in 1985.

3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting________ (begin, already) without me. My boss________ (be) furious with me and I________ (be) fired.

4. When I________ (turn) the radio on yesterday, I________ (hear) a song that was popular when I was in high school. I________ (hear, not) the song in years, and it________ (bring) back some great memories.

5. Last week, I________ (run) into an ex-girlfriend of mine. We________ (see, not) each other in years, and both of us________ (change) a great deal. I________ (enjoy) talking to her so much that I________ (ask) her out on a date. We are getting together tonight for dinner.

Exercise 3. Make the future perfect:

1) By 10 pm tonight, I________(finish) this report.

2) By 10 pm tonight, we________(have) dinner.

3) By 10 pm tonight, she________ (leave) Paris.

4) By 10 pm tonight, John________ (meet) Lucy.

5) By 10 pm tonight, they________ (take) the exam.

6) By 10 pm tonight, it________ (stop) snowing.

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