Additional literature and resources. 2 http://indianetzone.com

2 http://indianetzone.com

3 Clive Oxenden, Christina Latham-Koenig New English File Advanced. Student Book, Oxford University Press 2010

4 First Certificate. Language Practice. Macmillan 2003

5 www.englishpage.com

Warming-up.

Ø What do you know about greenhouse effect?

Ø What does it cause?

Ø Why does it become global problem?

Ø How can we prevent greenhouse effect?

Ø Why is it connected with wood processing?

Exercise 1. Read the text.

Greenhouse Effect

Before we dig deep into the causes of greenhouse effect, it is important for us to know what is greenhouse effect. You must have heard of greenhouse effect during any debate on global warming. The light that we get from the sun helps to keep this atmosphere warm. Of the 100% light that sun sends to earth, almost 70% sunlight is reflected back into the sky. Only 30% of that sunlight is absorbed by us. The sunlight absorbed is used for different purposes. It can be used to produce solar energy, drying clothes, by plants in the process of photosynthesis and to make this planet warm and comfortable for living.

The 70% of the light that is reflected back into the space, also known as infrared radiations, are absorbed by greenhouse gases before they are lost to space. The absorption of these lights by greenhouse gases make it possible to keep this planet warm for living beings as these gases acts like a mirror and reflect some of the heat back to earth. Without Greenhouse effect, the temperature of this planet would be lesser by 30 degree Celsius and this would be too cold for us to survive.

The major greenhouse gases solely responsible for greenhouse effect are: carbon dioxide, ozone, methane and water vapors. Although these gases comprise 1% of our atmosphere, they act like a thick warm blanket outside that surrounds this planet and regulate climate control. Greenhouse effect is not bad, in fact it is needed to for all of us to survive on earth. In short, the greenhouse effect is nothing but a naturally occurring process designed by nature that aids in heating earth’s surface and helps to maintain ecological balance.

Now some of that heat dissipates into space, some of it burns along the atmosphere, and some of it penetrates the atmosphere and finds its way into the lower atmosphere and the planet’s surface. This in turn raises the average temperature of the Earth. This increases the greenhouse effect and is a partial contributor to global warming.

Causes of Greenhouse Effect

1. Burning of Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas have become an integral part of our life. They are used on large basis to produce electricity and for transportation. Pollution, which gets emit from vehicles, contains carbon dioxide, which is one the main gas responsible for increase in greenhouse effect. Apart, from that, the production of electricity consume too much of coal which releases large amount of these gases into the atmosphere.

2. Deforestation: Forests holds a major green area on this earth. Plants and trees intake carbon dioxide and release oxygen, through the process of photosynthesis, for the survival of human beings. Large-scale development have forced people to look for alternate places for living which has resulted in cutting down of trees. The wood that is produced, when burnt releases more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

3. Increase in Population: Over the last few decades, there have been huge increase in the population. Now, this has resulted in increased demand for food, cloth and shelter. New manufacturing industries have come up release some harmful gases into the atmosphere, which increases the greenhouse effect. In addition, more people means more usage of fossil fuels, which in turn has aggravated the problem.

4. Farming: Nitrous oxide is one the greenhouse gas that is used in fertilizer and contributes to greenhouse effect, which in turn leads to global warming.

5. Industrial waste and landfills: Industries, which are involved in cement production, fertilizers, coal mining activities, oil extraction, produce harmful greenhouse gases. In addition, landfills filled with garbage produce carbon dioxide and methane gas contributing significantly to greenhouse effect.

Exercise 2. Mark the sentences true or false.

1. The light that we get from the sun helps to keep this atmosphere warm.

2. We absorb only 35% of that sunlight.

3. The sunlight can be used to produce solar energy, drying clothes, by plants in the process of photosynthesis and to make this planet warm and comfortable for living.

4. The 80% of the light is reflected back into the space.

5. The absorption of the lights by greenhouse gases make it possible to keep this planet warm for living beings as these gases acts like a mirror and reflect some of the heat back to earth.

6. Without Greenhouse effect, the temperature of this planet would be lesser by 20 degree Celsius.

7. The major greenhouse gases solely responsible for greenhouse effect are: carbon dioxide, ozone, methane and water vapors.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

What is the greenhouse effect?

What helps to keep this atmosphere warm?

What are the purposes of the sunlight absorbed by us?

What is infrared radiation?

What are the major greenhouse gases solely responsible for greenhouse effect?

What is the main advantage of greenhouse effect?

What are the major causes of greenhouse effect?

GRAMMAR [5]

1. Look at the chart below, compare the sentences.

Active / Passive Overview

a) Complete the sentences by putting the verbs into the correct passive form.

Example: The country with the smallest film industry is Iceland, where only three films are made in a year. (make)

1. More than 26, 000 costumes ________ in the 1963 film Cleopatra. (use)
2. The most filmed character is Sherlock Holmes, until now, more than 200 different films________ about him. (make)
3. Spielberg’s film The Color Purple ________ for 11 Oscars in 1985 but didn’t win any. (nominate)
4. Macaulay Culkin ________ $4.5 million dollars for his role in Home Alone in 1990. (pay) This was a record for a child at that time.
5. The director Stanley Kubrick died while his film Artificial Intelligence ________.(make) Spielberg ________ to finish the film.(ask)

b) Change into the passive voice using the person as a subject, without the agent.

Example: He gave me a book - I was given a book.

1. He told me a strange story..

2. He has shown us his new car..

3. He will promise Jane a big diamond ring..

4. I paid him €200 for his job..

5. We gave them plenty of work..

6. Somebody will send you a Valentine card..

7. I told him the whole story..

8. The doctor had spared them no details..

9. They are telling him the whole thing..

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