![]() ТОР 5 статей: Методические подходы к анализу финансового состояния предприятия Проблема периодизации русской литературы ХХ века. Краткая характеристика второй половины ХХ века Характеристика шлифовальных кругов и ее маркировка Служебные части речи. Предлог. Союз. Частицы КАТЕГОРИИ:
|
II. Прочитайте текст и переведите текст. CRIMINAL LAW: The Issue of Public Wrongs
CRIMINAL LAW: The Issue of Public Wrongs
At earliest English law, because of a lack of legislative law and because of a lack of a place and process to turn to, people were left to blood feuds for resolution of conflict. You hurt me, I killed you. Then your uncle killed me, so my dad killed your dad, etc. The community got tired of this. The local baron was worried about (he drain on his fighting force. And local religious leaders had a hard time putting a feud into theologically permissive behavior. So, a "local law" began to appear, with an incentive to people to settle cases by compensation. People in conflict were "invited" to come and sit with others of a community to seek resolution of the conflict. When the parties could not agree and no one could prove "truth", they were left without a remedy. To have a law is wonderful. To have a process is better. But no remedy means a law or process is of little value. To determine truth, trial by "ordeal", "combat", or "oaths" was instituted. In "combat", each party got a sword, and fought it out under I he theory that God would protect the innocent one. If a person was found "guilty", he, or his heirs, paid something to the injured party and sometimes something to the local baron. With the Norman Conquest, the new king, intent upon consolidating power, established "King's Courts". Here an injured person (plaintiff) brought action against a wrongdoer (defendant). But all monies (fines) went to the king rather than to the victim; the king had to pay judges, keep an army (the police) fed and clothed, etc. Thus developed Criminal Law, the key components of which are: I The king (state, people) is seen as victim. Crime is considered to be an act which the public desires not to be done, and which the public is willing to punish if it is done. It is a public wrong. ' Because the remedy is punishment, some protections of the accused become necessary; we do not want to punish an innocent person. Thus, I here can be no crime without a statute, and acts done before there is a statute are not criminal (ex post facto). The statute must set forth every material element of the criminal conduct (no punishment without a "knowledge"). However, we are all presumed to know the law. I The state must prove the defendant did the necessary acts (actus reus) beyond a reasonable doubt. This means that the balance scales must tip to their near maximum. Since punishment is the remedy, we want to be certain that we only punish the guilty, not the innocent. Defendant must have done the acts with a level of knowledge (mens rea, guilty mind) declared in the statute. Over time, and in order of importance today, this necessary mental state was determined to be: intentional, reckless, or negligent conduct, or strict liability. After conviction, the question is asked: What punishment should be to carry out the five purposes for punishment: reformation; restraint;! retribution; and deterrence (individual or general). Crime has three major parts: crime against person; crime against property; and crime against the public order. A crime against person always involves force or threat of force against the body of another (murder, battery, rape, robbery, extortion, kidnapping, etc.). Crimes against property are distinguished by an absence of force I against a person and loss of property is the key (theft, embezzlement, false pretenses, forgery, burglary, arson, etc.). Crimes against public order include rioting, treason, and most of the "victimless" crimes (prostitution, sale of pornography, drug deals, and, until recently, abortion). Violence to person or loss of property may or may not be present. What is present, is behavior seen harmful to the integrity of community to such an extent as to call for criminal punishment. Sometimes we see these as "moral crimes". III. Задайте все возможные вопросы к тексту. Вариант 4
I. Выберите правильный вариант:
a) –ist b) - ness c) – ive
a) – tion b) –able c) –ory
a) –er b) –ence c) –tion
a) – ist b) –ment c) –ic
a) –ness b) –tion c) -ory
a) - b) the c) a
a) the b) a c) –
a) the b) - c) a
a) it b) they c) them
a) her b) she c) shis
11. … am your new teacher. a) he b) I c) you
12. My pupils are so noisy, that I have to keep an eye on …. a) they b) them c) their
13. There are … biscuits left in the tin. a) a few b) little c) much
14. … students know the answer to this question. a) a little b) few c) much
15. My days are so busy that I have … time for reading. a) few b) many c) little
16. … people give money to charity. a) many b) little c) much
17. There is a tiny bit of butter. There is … butter. a) a little b) few c) little
18. He keeps trying although there is …chance of success. a) much b) a few c) little
19. She looks … than she is. a) younger b) youngest c) more young
20. It was … day in the year. a) hotter b) more hot c) the hottest
21. I think that life in the countryside is … than in town. a) more healthy b) healthier c) much healthy
22. You watch is 10 minutes … than mine. a) faster b) more fast c) much faster
23. It was … film I've ever seen. a) more exciting b) much more exciting c) the most exciting
24.1 was so tired. I …sleep for a week. a) could b) can c) must
25. We …have gone away if we had enough money.
a) could b) can c) must
26. You … go to school today, it is Sunday.
a) don't have to d) needn't to c) should
27. John …Mary last night, she was sleeping. a) shouldn't have called b) must to call c) can't to call
28. Everything is white. It … last night. a) must snow b) could c) must have snowed
29. My sight is getting worse. Next year, I am afraid, I …read without glasses. a) will not be able to b) may not c) could not
30. Police, firefighters, newspaper reporters and radio broadcasters … work on holiday in the USA. a) must b) should c) might
31. …you …get up early to meet the delegation at the airport? a) Did, have to b) Must, have to c) Have, had to
32. When Frank was 13, he …run 100 meters in 15 seconds. a) must b) could c) can
33. Mike … to clean his room. a) was maked d) is being made c) was made
34. - How long … you …? — Since I was 17. a) have been driving b) have driven c) did drive
35. She …always …in Moscow. a) —, lives b) has lived c) has been living
36. How long … you …Kate? a) did know b) do know c) have known
37. Kate has lost her passport again, it is the second time this … a) happens b) has happened c) happened
38. I … a lot but I don't any more. a) was used to eat b) used to eat c) was eating
39. You look so tired, I… make tea for you. a) am making b) will make c) make
40. … next week, so we can go somewhere. a) I'm not working b) I won't work c) I don't work
41. 1 hope Kate is coming soon. I … for two hours. a) am waiting b) waited c) have been waiting
42. She …. on holiday next week. a) is going b) goes c) will go
43. We …for a walk when it stops raining. a) will go b) go c) are going
44. Oxford … by Manchester United in the Cup Final yesterday. a) was beaten b) was beated c) has been beaten
45. Many people … to be homeless after the floods. a) is reported b) are reported c) reported
Не нашли, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском:
|