Special literary vocabulary. Barbarisms and foreign words

Barbarisms (иностранного происхождения, неотъемлемая часть)

It the vocabulary of the English language there is a considerable layer of words called Barbarisms.

Those are words of foreign origin which have been completely assimilated into the English language. They have appearance of borrowing and are felt as something alien (чуждый) to the native tongue.

The great majority of these borrowed words now form part and parcel (неотъемлемая часть) of the English vocabulary. Most of them have corresponding English synonyms.

Ex: chick = stylish, ‘chagrin (vexation) – досада, en route - on the road = по пути

bon mot (a clever or witty saying) - острота, en passant = in passing – мимоходом

They are used for certain stylistic purposes in formal style. Etymologically they are of Latin, Greek or French origin. Mostly they are legal terms (de facto, entre nous, brochure etc.).

It is very important for purely stylistic purposes to distinguish between borrowings and foreign words proper. Barbarisms are words which have already become facts of the English language.

Foreign words

Foreign words do not belong to the English vocabulary. They are not registered by English dictionaries except in a kind of addenda (приложение) which give the meanings of the foreign words most frequent used in literary English. Barbarisms are generally given in the body of the dictionary in printed works (работах). Foreign words are phrased as generally italicized (выделять курсивом) to indicate their alien nature or their stylistic value.

There are foreign words in English vocabulary which fulfill a terminological function such as perestroika, silovik, and apparatchik, soviet, kolkhoz

Retrograde – уже прочно вошел

They denote certain concepts which reflect an objective reality non familiar to English speaking communities. There are no names for them in English and so they have to be explained. New concepts of this time are generally given the names they have in the language of the people whose reality they reflect.

It is such words as solo, concerto, tenor, Luftwaffe, blitzkrieg (блиц крик), blitz.

They should also be distinguished from barbarisms, they are terms. Terminological borrowings have no synonyms.

Function of foreign words

· supply local color

· build up the stylistic devices

Stylistics is a branch of general linguistics. It has mainly with two tasks:

Stylistics – is regarded as a lang-ge science which deals with the results of the act of communication.

There are 2 basic objects of stylistics:

- stylistic devices and figures of speech

- functional styles

Branches of stylistics:

- Lexical stylistics – studies functions of direct and figurative meanings, also the way contextual meaning of a word is realized in the text. L.S. deals with various types of connotations – expressive, evaluative, emotive; neologisms, dialectal words and their behavior in the text.

- Grammatical stylistics – is subdivided into morphological and syntactical

Morphological s. views stylistic potential of grammatical categories of different parts of speech. Potential of the number, pronouns…

Syntactical s. studies syntactic, expressive means, word order and word combinations, different types of sentences and types of syntactic connections. Also deals with origin of the text, its division on the paragraphs, dialogs, direct and indirect speech, the connection of the sentences, types of sentences.

- Phonostylistics – phonetical organization of prose and poetic texts. Here are included rhythm, rhythmical structure, rhyme, alliteration, assonance and correlation of the sound form and meaning. Also studies deviation in normative pronunciation.

- Functional S (s. of decoding) – deals with all subdivisions of the language and its possible use (newspaper, colloquial style). Its object - correlation of the message and communicative situation.

- Individual style study –studies the style of the author. It looks for correlations between the creative concepts of the author and the language of his work.

- stylistics of encoding - The shape of the information (message) is coded and the addressee plays the part of decoder of the information which is contained in message. The problems which are connected with adequate reception of the message without any loses (deformation) are the problems of stylistics of encoding

Не нашли, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском: