Words borrowed from other languages and the meaning of Tingo

Loanwords are words adopted by the speakers of one language from a different language. A loanword can also be called a borrowing. The abstract noun borrowing refers to the process of speakers adopting words from a source language into their native language. "Loan" and "borrowing" are of course metaphors, because there is no literal lending process. There is no transfer from one language to another, and no "returning" words to the source language. The words simply come to be used by a speech community that speaks a different language from the one where these words originated in.

Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contacts between two language communities. Borrowing of words can go in both directions between two languages in contact, but often there is an asymmetry, such that more words go from one side to the other. In this case the source language community has some advantage of power, prestige and/or wealth that makes the objects and ideas it brings desirable and useful to the borrowing language community.

So, what exactly does “tingo” mean then? It's from the Pascuense language of Easter Island, meaning "to borrow objects from a friend's house, one by one, until there's nothing left".

Exercise 2. Write a suitable heading to each paragraph.

Exercise 3. [T.17] Listen to the text and answer the questions with a partner.

1. How many new words are “born” every year?

2. How many go into the Oxford English Dictionary every year?

3. Why do dictionary makers usually wait five years before including a new word?

4. Where did the word “bling” come from?

Exercise 4. Retell the listened text.

Exercise 5. English has borrowed many words and phrases from other languages. In pairs, try to match the words with the languages they come from. Do you use any of these words (or very similar ones) in your language?

Exercise 6. Give your opinion: Why do people all over the world try to speak English and use English words?

Exercise 7. Use a prefix from A and a word from B to complete the sentences.

A auto, ex, micro, post, semi

B husband, graduate, final, biography, wave

1. I still get on well with my_______even though we broke up five years ago.

2. You can read all about the actor’s life in his_______.

3. I was thrilled when my son reached the ________of the tennis tournament.

4. My sister did her _______course at Harvard in the USA.

5. She usually cooks her meals in a _______ oven.

Exercise 8. Complete the text.

Esperanto

Spoken today by ______people. Developed at the end of the____by L.L. Zamenhof. He thought that common language would help to avoid conflict and prevent_____. He thought that existing languages (French, German, Russian, English) were ____for people to learn. He proposed a new language where everyone would be ______. That language was Esperanto. So, Esperanto is ______ to learn than other languages? Yes, much easier. Experts say that for an English speaker, Esperanto is five times easier to learn than French or Spanish, ten times easier than Russian, and 20 times easier than Chinese or Arabic. Esperanto is spoken as a second language in about 90 countries of the world, it’s on the school ______ in China, Hungary, Bulgaria and it’s also being taught in some British schools as a way of helping students to learn other languages.

Check yourself

1. Choose the right variant: This is the man … wife is a famous actress.

GLOSSARY

Make up a topic “ Advantages and disadvantages of being trilingual ” and retell it.

Learn by heart the poem “Piano”, p.169

References

Main:

1. Clive Oxenden and Christina Latham-Koenig. New English File. Upper-Intermediate Students Book. Oxford, 2012.

2. Clive Oxenden and Christina Latham-Koenig. New English File. Upper-Intermediate Workbook. Oxford, 2012.

Additional:

3. CD “New English File” Upper-Intermediate. Oxford, 2010.

4. Raymond Murphy. English Grammar in Use. A self-study reference and practice book for upper-intermediate students.

Hand out №18 (108)

Discipline: English as a foreign language Credits - 2

Upper-intermediate l evel Practical lesson

Lexical theme: Education of architecture and civil engineering

Grammar: Complex object

Teacher: assistant professor Nussipaliev Nurzhan Serikovich

GRAMMAR COMMENT

Complex object

Replace the Object Clause with the Complex object

1. We know that mathematics has become man’s second language.

2. They expect that a variable will represent a number.

3. We know that two fractions are equal if they simplify to the same fraction.

4. I heard that they were discussing the matter.

5. We expected that they would intensify the whole process.

Complete the sentences, using the Complex object

1. She wants you …
2. We saw them…
3. He considered her…
4. Mary heard Tim…
5. Sarah watched her sister …

Exercise 1. Read the text.

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