Doubling final consonants

*One-syllable words. If you add an ending to a word that ends in a vowel + consonant, the final consonant is doubled

shop-shopping

fat-fatter-fattest

*Two syllable words. If you add an ending to a word

that ends in a vowel + consonant, and the last syllable

is stressed, the final consonant is doubled.

forget-forgetting

permit-permitting

2 Words ending in -e

*silent -e after a consonant is often dropped before a

vowel

drive-driving

arrive-arrival

*silent -e is kept before a consonant

announce-announcement

Words ending in -y

*af ter а с consonant, -y changes to -ie when you add -s

city-cities

cry-cries

*words ending in a final vowel + -y don't

change

journey -journeys

say-says

Exceptions

*verbs ending in a vowel + -y form the past participle by changing -y to -I and adding -d not -ed say-said lay-laid

File 24: Punctuation rules

Capital letters

*at the beginning of a sentence *f or names of people and places

Full stops

*at the end of sentences

3 Commas

*in lists of three or more items

I need paper, a pencil, a pen and a dictionary.

*with adverbial phrases

In the end, he managed to escape.

*af ter adverbial clauses

If I were you, I'd phone your parents.

*around non-defining relative clauses

My boyfriend, who is very ambitious, has

just got a really good job.

Quotation marks

*around direct speech 'Help!¹ he shouted. I'm stuck!¹

Apostrophes

*to indicate possession

Clare's jacket.

*to indicate omission

That's my wallet. (= That is)

! When its is a possessive pronoun we do not use

an apostrophe.

The dog wagged it's its tail.

Vocabulary file

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