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КАТЕГОРИИ:






NEO CLASSICAL THEORY — HUMAN RELATIONS APPROACH




This school of thought developed between 1920s to 1950s felt that employees simply do not respond rationally to rules, chains of authority and economic incentives alone but are also guided by social needs, drives and attitudes. Hawthorne Studies at GEC etc., were conducted then. It was quite natural that in the early phases of the industrial revolution, the emphasis was on development of techniques and technology. The attention to the human factor was the salient aspect of this school of thought. This attention was to serve as a precursor to the development of behavioral sciences.

MANAGEMENT SCIENCE/OPERATIONAL RESEARCH

It emphasizes research on operations and use of quantitative techniques to aid managers to take decisions.

MODERN MANAGEMENT

It sees modern organizations as complex systems and underlies contingency approach and use of modern techniques to solve organizational and human problems.

Read the text№2: The evolution of management thought

Management thought has evolved in bits and pieces over the years. Although the practice of management dates back to the earliest recorded history, the systematic study of management is largely a product of the twentieth century. An information explosion in management theory has created a management theory jungle. Five conventional approaches to management are: (1) the universal process approach, (2) the operational approach, (3) the behavioral approach, (4) the systems approach, and (5) the contingency approach. A modern unconventional approach centers on Peters’ and Waterman's attributes of corporate excellence.

Henri Fayol's universal process approach assumes that all organizations, regardless of purpose or size, require the same management process. Furthermore, it assumes that this rational process can be reduced to separate functions and principles of management. The universal process approach, the oldest of the various approaches, is still popular today.

Dedicated to promoting production efficiency and reducing waste, the operational approach has evolved from scientific management to operations management. Frederick W. Taylor, the father of scientific management, and his followers revolutionized industrial management through the use of standardization, time and motion study, selection and training, and pay incentives. Largely a product of the post-World War II era, operations management has broadened the scientific pursuit of efficiency to include all productive organizations. Operations management specialists often rely on sophisticated models and quantitative techniques.

Management has turned to the human factor in the human relations movement and organizational behavior. Emerging from such factors as unionization, the Hawthorne studies, and the philosophy of industrial humanism, the human relations movement began as a concerted effort to make employees' needs a high management priority. Today, organizational behavior tries to identify the multiple determinants of job performance.

Advocates of the systems approach recommend that modern organiza tion, he viewed as open systems. Open systems depend on the outside environment for survival, whereas closed systems do not. General systems theory, an interdisciplinary field based on the assumption that everything is systematically related, has identified a hierarchy of systems and has differentiated closed and open system.

The contingency approach is an effort to determine through research which managerial practices and techniques are appropriate in specific situations. It is characterized by an open-system perspective, a practical research orientation, and a multivariate approach to research.

I. Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1. Read and memorize using a dictionary:

-approach, -determinant, -job performance,
-survival, -priority, -contingency,
-behavior, -quantitative techniques, -effort,
-pursuit, -waste, -environment

 

 

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1) What are conventional approaches to management?

2) What does the universal process approach assume?

3) What has the operational approach evolved from?

4) What do operations management specialists often rely on?

 

Exercise 3. Match the left part with the right:

1. Today, organizational behavior tries a) the oldest of the various approaches, is still popular today.
2. Henri Fayol's universal process approach assumes b) the scientific pursuit of efficiency to include all productive organizations.
3. The universal process approach, c) to identify the multiple determinants of job performance.
4. Operations management has broadened d) that this rational process can be reduced to separate functions and principles of management.

Exercise 4. Read aboutword combinations with «enterprise»

Exercise 5. Make sentences with the active vocabulary. Create a sentence for the each word given.

Mission – the aim of a company or organization;

Objective – something that you are trying to achieve;

Trend – the general way in which a particular situation is changing or developing;

Performance – the degree to which a company etc is profitable;

Performance indicators – signs showing how well a company or an organization works;

Product range – a set of similar products made by a particular company or available in a particular shop;

Sales revenue – money received from sales;

Growth rate – the speed at which something grows;

Product line – a type of product that a company makes or sells, often with several different sizes, models, etc.;

Market share – the percentage of sales in a market that a company or product has;

Production capacity – the ability to produce something;

Productivity – the rate at which goods are produced, and the amount produced in relation to the work, time and money needed to produce them;

Resources – something, such as money, property, skill, labour etc that a company has available;

Output – the amount of goods or services produced by a company;

Retailer – a business that sells goods to members of the public, rather than to shops etc.;

Supplier – a company that provides a particular type of product;

Reasonable prices – prices that are not too high;

Efficient – doing a job quickly and well;

Indicate – to signify;

Assess – to make judgements about a situation or a person after considering all the information;

Work out – to think carefully about how you are going to do something and plan a good way of doing it;

Draw up – to write out or prepare;

Break into – to burst into, to become involved in a new activity;

Pull out – to get out, stop participating, withdraw;

Carry out – to perform;

Issue shares – make them available for people to buy;

Rest on your laurels – to be satisfied with what you have achieved and therefore stop trying to achieve something new.






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