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Levels of Formality
Academic writing is formal in style. It is not, however, possible to neatly divide English styles into 'formal' and 'informal' compartments. The relationship is more like a continuum with two extremes, as in this diagram:
For convenience, the continuum of formality can be cut up into various compartments in order to grade various texts and styles:
| very informal | quite informal | neutral | quite formal | very formal |
A large number of factors such as grammar, vocabulary, style, and punctuation contribute towards the 'tone' of a piece of writing.
Formality and informality are complex matters, but for general purposes the following scale of examples may be useful:
| 1. 'This thing doesn't work right,' he told us. | very informal |
| 2. He told us the thing didn't work right. | |
| 3. He told us that the machine wasn't/was not working or functioning properly. | |
| 4. We were informed that the machine was not functioning properly. | |
| 5. According to information received, the machine was defective. | very formal |
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