The vowel sound /әυ/ as in “snow”.

· Read the instruction to learn how to make the long sound /әυ/.

The English diphthong / әυ / begins as /ә/ and immediately proceeds in the direction of the English /υ/. It should be mentioned that the tongue only approaches the /υ/ –position so that the end of the glide is not a distinct /υ /. The lips start from a slight rounding and rather a large opening. At the end of the articulation the lips are considerably rounded, forming a rather oval opening.

· Listen to the target sound and the words and repeat. Look at the mouth diagrams to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound. Transcribe the words.

/ә ә әυ/

/ә ә әυ/

/әυ әυ әυ/

· Read these words with the sound /әυ/. Transcribe them.

Boat, toes, roll, stone, coal, blows, toast, rose, moan, know, coast, comb, rope, row, slow, bowl, code, go, cold, shoulder, toe, coat, phone, most, snow.

· Find 14 words in the puzzle (every letter is used once) and write them in the correct part of the table. The words are written horizontally or vertically.

· Listen to the sentences and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.

1) J oa n has a c o ld in her n o se because she r o de her p o ny through the fr o zen sn ow.

2) The p o etry of b o ld p o ems imp o sed a strange t o ne on the wh o le sh ow.

3) I d o n’t kn ow when I will come h o me, alth ou gh I am cl o sely f o cusing on the r oa d. But soon, m o st probably, I will kn o w and will ph o ne you as I come cl o ser to our h o me.

4) When speaking on the p o dium keep your sh ou lders o pen!

5) Discharge your l oa thsome l oa ds! Belch forth your venom, t oa ds!

6) J oe, d o n’t g o to O klahoma or O hio but come h o me to R o me instead.

· Read the following sentences. Mind the right articulation of the sound / әυ /.

1. Rose knows Joe phones Sophie, but Sophie and Joe don’t know Rose knows.

2. You need a stone and some rope to keep a boat from floating.

3. The wind is blowing and it’s cold and snowy.

4. All know that you are slow.

· Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.

M o ses supp o ses his t oe ses are r o ses,

But M o ses supp o ses err o neously;

For n o body’s t oe ses are p o sies of r o ses

As M o ses supp o ses his t oe ses to be.

· Practice reading the tongue twister as quickly as you can. Be careful not to mispronounce the target sound / әυ /.

Don’t go home alone,

Nobody knows how lonely the road is.

· Listen to the dialogue. Intone it. Learn and reproduce, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sound / әυ /, intonation and tempo.

Dialogue 3

- What was the row about?

- He took me out in his boat. It’s a motor-boat, but it broke down.

- So he rowed you home?

- No, his doctor won’t allow him to row. He’s had a broken shoulder, you know.

- So, I rowed and we had a row.

- Well, if he’s had a broken shoulder, how could he row?

- Oh, I don’t mind rowing.

- Well then?

- But he told me I was slow.

Dialogue 4

Snow in October

(Joe Jones is sleeping, but Joanna woke up a few minutes ago.)

- Joe! Joe! JOE! Hello, wake up, Joe!

- (groans) Oh! What is it, Joanna?

- Look out of the window.

- No. My eyes are closed, and I'm going to go to sleep again.

- Oh! Don't go to sleep, Joe. Look at the snow!

- Snow? But it's only October. I know there's no snow.

- Come over to the window, Joe.

- You're joking, Joanna. There's no snow.

- OK. I'll put my coat on and go out and make a snowball and throw it at

your nose, Joe Jones!

V. Learn the following graphical rules:

Vowel / әυ / is represented in spelling by:

6. The letter “o” in open syllables (go, home)

7. “o” followed by “ll, ld, st” (roll, old, most)

8. “o” in word-final unstressed syllables (hero)

9. The diagraph “ow” (low, tomorrow)

10. The diagraph “oa” (boat)

Irregular Readings: now, how, cow, row (галас), brow, bow - /au/

Rare Spellings: shoulder, poultry, soul, owe, brooch, mould

VI. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

4) As you sow, so shall mow.

5) True love never grows old.

6) When at Rome do as the Romans do.

Graphical rules (monophthongs)

Learn the following graphical rules:

· Vowel / α: / is represented in spelling by:

1) The digraph “ar” (part)

2) “a” followed by ”ss, st, sk, sp, ft, t, th, lf, lm” (after, past, ask, grasp, after, father, tomato, half, calm)

3) “ance”, “anch” in words of French origin (France, glance, ranch)

4) “and” when stressed (demand)

Rare Spellings: aunt, draught, laugh, clerk, sergeant, heart, hearth, bazaar, drama, aria, tomato, garage, moustache, vase

· Vowel /۸/ is represented in spelling by:

1) The letter “u” in stressed closed syllables (uncle)

2) “o” followed by “m, n, v, th” (come, son, love, mother)

3) The diagraph “ou” followed by “gh, bl(e), pl(e)” (tough, trouble, couple)

To memorise: “ou” + other consonants (country, courage, cousin, touch, young, southern)

Rare Spellings: blood, flood, worry

Irregular reading: stove

Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings.Learn them:

/ α: /

5. He laughs best, who laughs last.

6. After a storm comes a calm.

7. Each dog barks in his own yard.

8. Art is long, life is short.

/ ۸ /

9. So many countries, so many customs.

10. Don’t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.

11. Love me, love my dog.

12. When two Sundays come together.

13. A storm in a tea cup.

14. A man is known by the company he keeps.

15. As snug as a bug in a rug.

16. As hungry as a hunter.

Learn the following graphical rules:

· Vowel / e / is represented in spelling by:

5) the letter “e” in closed accented syllables (red)

6) the diagraphs “ea” before “d”, “th” (bread, weather), “s” /3/ (pleasure, measure);

in words: heavy, pleasant, peasant, health, wealth, meant, breakfast, weapon, any, many, says, said and some other such like.

“ie” (friend)

“ei” + /3/ (leisure)

letter “u” (bury)

· Vowel / æ / is represented in spelling by:

1) the letter “a” in closed syllables (bag, glad)

Note: A number of disyllabic words with the accented letter “a” in an open syllable fall under this rule (family, cavity, palate)

Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings, learn them:

/ e /

16) Many men, many minds.

17) Better to do well than to say well.

18) Better late than never, but better never late.

19) All is well that ends well.

20) Better an egg today, that a hen tomorrow.

/ æ /

2) No living man all things can.

3) Who chatters to you will chatter of you.

VI. Learn the following graphical rules:

· Vowel / o: / is represented in spelling by:

1) “oor”, “our”, “oar” (door, your, board)

2) “or” /third syllable-type/ (port)

3) “a” followed by “ll” or “l” + consonant (all, salt, talk)

4) “au”, “aw” (autumn, law)

5) “ough”, “augh” + “t” (ought, thought, taught)

6) “war” (war, warm), “quar” (quarter)

Irregular Readings: our, flour, sour, poor

· Vowel /ס/ is represented in spelling by:

1) The letter “o” in closed stressed syllables (not)

2) The digraph “wa” (was), EXCEPT: water /o: /, “wha” (what)

3) “qua” (quality), EXCEPT: qua r ter, quarrel /kwo:/

Rare Spellings: because, sausage, cough, knowledge

VII. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

/ o: /

21) All for one and one for all.

22) It never rains but it pours.

23) Trust me not all or all in all.

24) All roses have thorns.

/ס /

a. Honesty is the best policy.

b. A little pot is soon hot.

c. Be slow to promise and quick to perform.

d. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

IX. Learn the following graphical rules:

Vowel / 3: / is represented in spelling by:

1. The letters “e, i, u, y” followed by “r” /third syllable –type/ (term, bird, fur)

2. “ear” + a consonant (earth, heard) BUT: heart, hearth /a: /

3. “wor” (work, word)

4. “our” (journal, journey)

X. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

6) Murder will out.

7) It’s an early bird that catches the first worm.

8) First come, first served.

9) Live and learn.

10) As is the workman, so is the work.

II. Learn the following graphical rules:

Vowel / ә / is represented in spelling by:

4) The letter “a” in prefixes (about)

5) In suffixes “er, or, ar, our, ous” (teacher, doctor, cellar, neighbour, famous)

6) “a, o, u” when non-accented (sofa, atom, column)

XI. Learn the following graphical rules:

· Vowel / u: / is represented in spelling by:

1) The letter “u” in open syllables (tune)

Note: It sounds /u:/ preceded by “j, r, l” (June, blue)

2) The digraphs “eu” and “ew” - /ju:/ (neutral, few) BUT: Jew, crew, flew

3) “ui” (suit)

4) The digraph “ou” in words of French origin (group, wound)

5) “oo” (moon, root, pool), “you” (you, youth)

Rare Spellings: beauty, queue, who, whom, whose, do, to, too, two

· Vowel /υ/ is represented in spelling by:

1) The diagraph “oo” followed by “k” (book)

2) The letter “u” after “p, b, f”, sometimes “s” (pull, bull, full; sugar)

Irregular Readings: but, bus, butter

Rare Spellings: could, should, would, bouquet, woman, wolf

XII. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings, learn them:

/ u: /

25) No news is good news.

26) Bad news has wings.

27) That’s where the shoe pinches.

/υ/

a. A good beginning makes a good ending.

b. A good cook never cooks while looking into a cookery book.

c. Look before you leap.

XI. Learn the following graphical rules:

· Vowel / i: / is represented in spelling by:

7) the letter “e” in open and historically open syllables (be, meter, these)

8) the digraphs “ee” (meet, see)

“ea” (meat, seat)

“ie” (piece, field)

“ei” (ceiling, receive)

“ey” (key)

“ay” (quay)

“eo” (people)

“i” (ski, machine)

· Vowel / ı / is represented in spelling by:

1) the letters “i” and “y” in stressed closed syllables (sit, window, myth, syllable)

2) “y”, “ey”, “ai”, “ay” when unstressed (city, money, mountain, Sunday)

3) the letter “e” in prefixes (before, decide)

4) the letters “e”, “a” and “u” when unstressed and sometimes stressed (alphabet, pretty; climate; minute, busy)

XII. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings, learn them:

/ i: /

28) A friend in need is a friend indeed.

29) No sweet is without some sweat.

30) Extremes meet.

/ ı /

5) As fit as a fiddle.

6) As busy as a bee.

7) Little pitches have big ears.

The vowel sound / α:/ as in “car”

· Read the instruction to learn how to make the long sound /α:/.

The blade of the tongue is very low down in the mouth, it is retracted. The tip of the tongue is also retracted from the lower teeth. The back of the tongue is slightly raised towards the soft palate. The jaw is considerably lowered. The lips are neutral.

· Listen to the target sound and the words and repeat. Look at the mouth diagrams to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound. Transcribe the words.

/ α: α: α:/

· Read these words with the sound / α:/. Transcribe them.

Far, card, harm, class, fast, ask, bar, cart, halve, gasp, after, path, heart, star, half, plant, aunt, heart, march, starve, raft, task, bath, France, calm, start, clerk, dance, past, laugh.

· Listen to the sentences and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.

1) The m ar ble bird-b a th was hidden in the tall gr a sses near the p a th.

2) Let’s p ar k our c ar at B ar bara’s as the c ar p ar k is r a ther f ar from the theatre.

3) At l a st M ar garet’s anxiety p a ssed and she ch a nced a dis a strous d a nce with a l au ghing s er geant.

4) I’d r a ther take a ch a nce and let my f a ther drive me to the gar a ge in his f a st c ar.

5) H ar d-h ea rted M ar garet was reading ps al ms in the d ar k.

6) As an office boy I made such a m ar k, that I was given a post of a junior cl er k.

· Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.

B ar bara’s c ar is a Jaguar

And B ar bara drives r a ther f a st.

C a stles, f ar ms and dr au ghty b ar ns,

She goes ch ar ging p a st.

When I, good, friends, was called to the b ar,

I’d an appetite fresh and h ear ty,

But I was, as many barristers are,

An impecunious p ar ty.

· Listen to the dialogues. Intone them. Learn and reproduce, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sound /α:/, intonation and tempo.

Dialogue 1

- Ask it to bark, Margaret.

- I rather think it can’t bark, Arnold.

- Can’t bark? But if it can’t bark, it can’t guard the house. Ask it to bark, Margaret.

- Er… er… Can’t you… bark?

- Bark, can’t you! Bark! Bark!

- Arnold can bark.

Dialogue 2

- Aren’t Carl and Marcia ghastly people?

- Ghastly, aren’t they?

- But aren’t their parties marvellous?

- Oh, they have marvellous parties, yes.

- Charles and Martha have ghastly parties.

- Mm. But they’re marvelous people, aren’t they?

- They’re marvelous people, yes.

- What time does their ghastly party start, by the way?

The vowel sound / ۸ / as in “duck”

· Read the instruction to learn how to make the short sound / ۸ /.

The tongue is in the central part of the mouth. The back of the tongue is raised towards the roof of the mouth. The front of the tongue is raised to the back of the hard palate. The tip of the tongue is retracted from the front lower teeth. The lips are neutral.

· Listen to the target sound and the words and repeat. Look at the mouth diagrams to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound. Transcribe the words.

/ ۸۸ ۸ /

· Read these words with the sound / ۸ /. Transcribe them.

Shut, blood, flood, country, son, much, cut, ton, mother, luck, young, rough, courage, trouble, come, does, dove, duck, sun, must, cup, hut, couple, such.

· Listen to the sentences and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.

1) For s o meone with a l o ve of m o ney, the s u m of o ne h u ndred pounds was enticing.

2) B u d, l o ve! Don’t w o rry; victory is in fr o nt of you!

3) I can’t u nderstand the f u n of travelling by b u s on s u ch r ou gh c ou ntry roads.

4) There are a n u mber of n u ns am o ng u s.

5) Here I am, in fr o nt of a t u b with a r u b and a scr u b!

6) When you c o me to l u nch in L o ndon on S u nday, remember to bring s o me m o ney.

· Practice reading the tongue twister as quickly as you can. Be careful not to mispronounce the target sound / ۸ /.

1. Double bubble gum bubbles double.

2. Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you.

It only doubles trouble, and troubles others too.

· Listen to the tongue twister. Learn it by heart. Practice saying it as quickly as you can. Be careful not to mispronounce the target sound.

If you understand, say "understand".

If you don't understand, say "don't understand".

But if you understand and say "don't understand",

How do I understand that you understand?

· Listen to the dialogues. Intone them. Learn and reproduce, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sound / ۸ /, intonation and tempo.

Dialogue 3

· - Now, what’ve you done, young man?

· - I’ve cut my thumb.

· - Mm. Well, put out your tongue.

· - But it’s my thumb. I’ve cut my thumb.

· - Put out your tongue!

· - Mummy! Mummy! Why doesn’t mummy come?

· - Mummy’s coming – put out your tongue.

· - It’s not my tongue, Mummy. It’s my thumb.

· - Please, Sonny – just put out your tongue.

Dialogue 4

· - I love buns.

· - Buns make crumbs.

· - I love guns.

· - Guns cost money.

· - I love Ms Hunt.

· - Ms Hunt‘s a honey.

· Listen to the words with sounds / α:/ and / ۸ / in contrast and repeat. Look at the mouth diagrams to help you position your lips.

/ α:/	/۸/
father dark bath pardon startle rather target	front duck bud punch stuck rough tough

· Read the following sentences. Mind the right articulation of the sounds / α: / and / ۸ /.

1) My mother’s brother’s my uncle; my uncle’s son’s my cousin.

2) Your uncle took the umbrella upstairs.

3) My puppy loves to run.

4) You must go to lunch but come back for supper.

5) The ugly duck is under the hut.

6) Put some honey on the bun, Mother.

7) Aunt Martha lives near Marble Arch, which isn’t far.

· Listen to the dialogues. Intone them. Learn and reproduce, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sounds /α:/, / ۸ / and / æ /, intonation and tempo.

Dialogue 5

- I shan’t pass the maths exam.

- I shan’t pass in art.

- Maths is too hard. I can’t understand it.

- I’m very bad at art.

- Perhaps you’ll pass.

- I shan’t. Perhaps you’ll pass.

- No, no! I can’t pass.

Dialogue 6

- We’ve passed!

- I haven’t passed in art, have I?

- You have! And I’ve passed in maths - by one mark!

- Isn’t that fabulous!

- We must have a party!

- We’ll have a fabulous party!

- Just imagine - we’ve passed!

- We’ve passed! We’ve passed!

Dialogue 7

- Sally’s come.

- Oh, I’m glad Sally’s come. Has her brother come too?

- No her brother hasn’t come actually. That doesn’t matter much, Ann.

- No, it doesn’t matter, Daddy.

- And Sally’s such fun.

- Oh, Sally’s lovely… But Daddy…

- Mm?

- Oh, Daddy, why hasn’t he come?

***************************

ХІ. Learn the following graphical rules:

· Vowel / α: / is represented in spelling by:

1) The digraph “ar” (part)

2) “a” followed by ”ss, st, sk, sp, ft, t, th, lf, lm” (after, past, ask, grasp, after, father, tomato, half, calm)

3) “ance”, “anch” in words of French origin (France, glance, ranch)

4) “and” when stressed (demand)

Rare Spellings: aunt, draught, laugh, clerk, sergeant, heart, hearth, bazaar, drama, aria, tomato, garage, moustache, vase

· Vowel /۸/ is represented in spelling by:

1) The letter “u” in stressed closed syllables (uncle)

2) “o” followed by “m, n, v, th” (come, son, love, mother)

3) The diagraph “ou” followed by “gh, bl(e), pl(e)” (tough, trouble, couple)

To memorise: “ou” + other consonants (country, courage, cousin, touch, young, southern)

Rare Spellings: blood, flood, worry

Irregular reading: stove

ХІІ. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings.Learn them:

/ α: /

9. He laughs best, who laughs last.

10. After a storm comes a calm.

11. Each dog barks in his own yard.

12. Art is long, life is short.

/ ۸ /

17. So many countries, so many customs.

18. Don’t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.

19. Love me, love my dog.

20. When two Sundays come together.

21. A storm in a tea cup.

22. A man is known by the company he keeps.

23. As snug as a bug in a rug.

24. As hungry as a hunter.

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