Practical Phonetics

Exam (III year)

(for the students by correspondence)

Task 1. Speak on:

1. The classification of English Consonant Phonemes.
1. According to the manner of production of obstruction:
occlusive- plosive (p, b, t, d, k, g), sonorants (m,n, ŋ)
constrictive – fricatives (f,v,h, ð, θ), medial sonants (r, j), lateral sonants (l)
affricates (occlusive-constrictive) (tʃ, dʒ)

2. According to the work (position) of the active organ and according to the place of obstruction
labial – bilabial (p, b, m, w)
labiodentals (f,v)
lingual forelingual dorsal
apical (l, n, z, θ)
cacuminal (r)
dental
interdental (, ð, θ)
alveolar (t, d, s, z, n)
palate-alveolar (tʃ, dʒ, ʒ)
mediolingual (j)
backlingual (k,g, ŋ)

3. According to the work of the vocal cards:
voiced (b, d, g, z, v, m, n, l, r, j, w, dʒ, ð, ŋ)
voiceless (p,t, k, s, f, h, ʃ,, θ)

2. The classification of English Vowel Phonemes.
1.According to position of the tongue:
front row high
front-retracted mid
middle row low
back row
2. According to the position of the lips:
rounded, unrounded
3. According to the length:
long, short
4. According to the stability of articulation:
monophthongs
diphthongs
diphthongoids (i:)
5. According to the degree of tenseness:
tense, lax

Syllable Formation and Syllable Division in English.
Formation of structure in the English language based on the phonological opposition vowel - consonant. Vowels are syllabic and consonants, as a rule, not the exception [L], [M], [N], which become syllabic in final position preceded by

noise consonant

The structure of the English language can be summarized as follows:

• Many compositions one or more consonants preceding the nucleus.

• Many compositions one or more consonants, following the nucleus. They are a part of Coda. They are traditionally known as closed warehouses

• The combination of kernel and code has a special significance, making up the rhyming property of a composition.

Another aspect of this component is the division of storehouses. The problem of division in case of intervocalic consonants and their clusters, like in such words as city, extra, standing and others.

Consider the first word ['sit.I]. There are two possibilities:

a) the point dividing the composition after the intervocalic consonant:

b) point the composition of the divisions within the consonant.

In both cases the first syllable remains closed because the shot vowel should remains check.

The second case. There are two squads in the word extra but where is the boundary between them fall?

[ek - strə], [ex - trə], [ekst - rə] are possible. People usually prefer either of the first two options here, but there's no obvious way to determine between them.

In some cases we can take into account the morphemic structure of the word. For example, standing consists of two syllables; on phonetic grounds [stæn - diŋ). on grammatical grounds [stænd - iŋ].

Now consider two functions of style.

The first is constitutive function. It lies in its ability to be part of the word itself.

Another distinctive feature is one thing. In this regard, the composition is characterized by its ability to distinguish words and word forms.

Types of reduction.
1. quantitative кількісна reduction – shortening of a vowel sound in the unstressed position, affects mainly long vowels, e.g.: he [ ]. When does he come? [ ]

2. qualitative якісна reduction – change of vowels towards [ ], affects both long and short vowels, e.g.: can [ ]. You can easily do it. [ ].

3. the third type is the elision випадіння (= omission) of vowels in the unstressed position, e.g.: I’m up already. [ ].

Assimilation. Types of assimilation. Degrees of assimilation. Accommodation.

When phonemes are joined together within words and at the junction of words, they have a tendency to react one upon the other in such a way that the articulation of one phoneme influences the articulation of a neighbouring phoneme making it similar to itself. This process is called assimilation.

In assimilation the phoneme whose articulation is modified under the influence of a neighbouring phoneme is called the assimilated phoneme; the phoneme which influences the articulation of a neighbouring phoneme is called the assimilating phoneme.

In modern English it is mostly consonant phonemes that are affected by assimilation.

Assimilation may affect all the features of the articulation of a consonant phoneme or only some of them. Thus we speak of:

I. Assimilation affecting (1) the place of obstruction or (2) both the place of obstruction and the active organ of speech;

II. Assimilation affecting the manner of the production of noise;

III. Assimilation affecting the work of the vocal cords;

IV. Assimilation affecting the position of the lips.

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