Education in the Russian Federation

Russians have always shown a great concern for education. The right to education is stated in the constitution of the Russian Federation. It is ensured by compulsory secondary schools, vocational schools and higher education establishments. It is also ensured by the development of extramural and evening courses and the system of the state scholarships and grants.

Education in Russia is compulsory up to the 9^th form inclusive. The stages of compulsory schooling in Russia are: the first stage is primary education for ages 6-7 to 9-10 inclusive; the second stage is secondary education including intermediate school for ages 10-11 to 12-13 inclusive; the third stage is senior schools for ages 13-14 to 14-15 inclusive. If a pupil of a secondary school wishes to go on in higher education, he or she must stay at school for two more years. Primary and secondary school together comprise 11 years of study. Each school has a curriculum of academic subjects, such as Russian, Literature, Mathematics, History, a foreign language and others. Lyceums and gymnasiums offer programs giving a profound knowledge in some field of study.

After finishing the 9^th form one can go on to a vocational school which offers programs of academic subjects and a program of training in a technical field, or a profession. After finishing the 11^th form of a secondary school, a lyceum or a gymnasium one can go in higher education. All applicants must take competitive examinations.

Higher education institutions, that is, institutes or universities, offer a 5-year program of academic subjects for undergraduates in a variety of fields, as well as a graduate course. All students who have finished a graduate course and who has written a thesis receive a candidate’s degree or a doctor’s degree. Higher educational establishments are headed by Rectors. Prorectors are in charge of academic and scientific work. An institute or university has a number of faculties, each specializing in a field of study. Faculties have specialized councils which confer a candidate’s or a doctor’s degrees.

The system of secondary and higher education in Russia is going through a transitional period. The main objectives of the reform are: to decentralize the higher education system, to develop a new financial mechanism, to give more academic freedom to faculties and students.

All secondary schools, institutes and universities until recently have been funded by the state. Now there are some private primary and secondary schools where pupils have to pay for their studies. Students of institutes and universities get scholarships. At many institutes and universities there are also departments where students have to pay for their education.

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