Vitamins and minerals

Vitamins are materials required for normal metabolism but which the body cannot manufacture itself and which must therefore come from soil. Vitamins come from a number of sources including fresh fruit and vegetables (Vitamin C), carrots, liver (Vitamin A), cereal bran, bread, liver e (B vitamins), fish liver oil (Vitamin D) and fresh green vegetables (Vitamin K). Many minerals are also essential in small quantities including iron, calcium, magnesium and sulphur; and in very small quantities copper, zinc and selenium. The micronutrients, minerals, and vitamins in fruit and vegetables may be destroyed or eluted by cooking. Vitamin C is especially prone to oxidation during cooking and may be completely destroyed by protracted cooking.

Cooking methods

There are very many methods of cooking, most of which have been known since antiquity. These include baking, roasting, sautéing, stewing, frying, grilling, barbecuing, smoking, boiling, steaming, braising. A more recent innovation is microwaving. Various methods use differing levels of heat and moisture and vary in cooking time. The method chosen greatly affects the end result. Some foods are more appropriate to some methods than others.

Vocabulary

albumen белок

arrowroot маранта; аррорут – мука из растения маранта

blanch(v) бланшировать

braise(v) тушить

corn starch кукурузный крахмал

friable мягкий, хрупкий, ломкий, крошащийся

fungus грибок, плесень

lard свиное сало

meringue меренга, безе

mucilaginous saccharides мукосахариды

oxidation окисление

offal потроха, ливер

pottery глиняная посуда

sauté(v), sauté (noun) жарить в масле; соте

simmer (v) кипеть на медленном огне

smoke(v) коптить

stew(v) делать рагу, тушить мясо (рыбу) с овощами

sulphur сера

yeast дрожжи

2. Exercise 3.1. Match the methods of cooking with their definitions:

1. Bake a. cook meat, etc. in an oven

2. Fry b. cook something in a little hot oil or fat

3. Boil c. cook bread, etc. in an oven

4. Grill d. cook an egg in or over boiling water without its

shell

5. Roast e. cook in very hot oil

6. Steam f. hang fish or meat in smoke

7. Stew g. cook under/over a flame

8. Smoke h. cook meat(fish) with vegetables slowly in liquid for

a long time

9. Sauté i. cook over hot water

10.Poach j. cook in hot water

Exercise 3.2. Match the ways of preparing food with the items on the right. Some may have more than one answer:

1. сhop a. eggs

2. stir b. carrots

3. scramble c. apples

4. slice d. onions

5. grate e. sauce

6. peel f. cooked meat

Exercise 3.3. In what ways could you cook the following food?

Exercise 3.4. Use the prompts to explain the dishes in the list. Name the dish, list its ingredients and say how it is served:

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