Forms and methods of international trade

1.International trade is performed in several forms. The most important form is direct commercial import-export operations with deliveries paid in hard currency. Still, 25-30% of international trade accounts for barter and countertrade, with deliveries paid by goods. Such payment is usually initiated by the importer which does not have hard currency to pay for the goods.

2.Barter is a trade in which merchandise is exchanged directly for other goods without the use of money. It is a characteristic of quite primitive economies.

3.Countertrade transactions are more complex and difficult to arrange. They began in the 1950^s and are mainly carried out with developing countries and in Eastern Europe. Their currencies are not freely convertible and they do not possess enough hard currency to make the essential purchases necessary for economic development. The transaction may include the exchange of some currency as well as goods. For example, the contract may stipulate that the seller be paid in hard currency provided that the seller agrees to find markets for specified products (often cash crops) from the buyer’s country.

4.Usually only large corporations can set up such deals but they are one way of doing business with countries that have high foreign trade deficits, a large debt problem and small reserve of foreign currencies.

5.Another form of countertrade is the buyback arrangement. One party supplies the technology or equipment that allows the other to produce goods. The sale of these goods provides the money to repay the supplier.

6.Transactions of tolling type are connected with processing raw materials in other countries, payment is made with a part of produced products.

7.Goods can be sold to a foreign consumer as a result of direct transactions with the exporter and through middle-men, that is dealers, distributors, commissioners, consignors, agents. A great part of sales of mass raw materials and products is done at international commodity exchanges.

Vocabulary

hard currency – валюта

to account for – насчитывать

countertrade – встречная торговля

to stipulate – оговаривать условия

provided that – при условии, что

buyback arrangement – сделка «байбэк»

middle-men – посредник

commissioner – комиссионер

consigner – консигнатор

commodity exchange – торговая биржа

Question

What are the forms and methods of international trade?

ВАРИАНТ 5

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола сказуемого (см.образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Many new houses are being built in this part of Moscow.

2. The sputniks are used for the research of magnetic fields and cosmic rays.

3. The properties of materials are affected by solar radiation.

4. Scientific and engineering progress opens up wide prospects before man.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их не русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения слов it, one, that.

1. It necessary to obtain accurate data on the possibility of living and working in space.

2. The people know that their joint efforts can secure peace in the whole world.

3. We had to find new methods of investigation because the old ones were unsatisfactory.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. A program for the construction of new types of spaceships is to be carried out this year.

2. They do not know the language well.

3. We had to change the design of this machine.

4. The speed of the electrons is almost the same as that of light.

IV. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. We know radio and radar systems play a very important role at any airport.

2. The information science gets about other galaxies comes through radiotelescopes.

V. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. Our science was the first to make great contribution to the development of space technology.

2. In order to make interplanetary flights in the future it is necessary to know factors affecting the human organism.

3. The main purpose of the computers is to solve complex problems quickly.

VI..Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-ый абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, и 4-ый абзацы. Письменно ответьте на вопрос после текста.

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