A four-year-old boy has died in a house fire, police have said. 5 страница

A The rights and freedom of the Americans.

В How the USA constitution was adopted.

C The role of the president in the US political system.

D The political system of the USA.

E National emblems of the USA.

F The content of the American constitution.

G The major political parties of the country.

H The Senate of the USA.

TASK 2

Read the text below. For questions (6-10) choose the correct answer (А, В, C or D). Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

Most people do not know that Juliette Gordon Low, the founder of the Girl Scouts of America, was deaf. She began to lose her hearing when she was 17, and became almost totally deaf in her adulthood.

Juliette Gordon was born on October 31, 1860, in Savannah, Georgia. Her family and friends all called her Daisy. When she was 14 she was sent to a school in Virginia that was run by some of Thomas Jefferson’s grand-daughters. A few years later, at the age of 17, she transferred to a school in New York.

Juliette married William Mackay Low and they went to England to live. Juliette became interested in the Girl Guides Association there. She observed their meetings and was very impressed because the girls acquired many useful skills. They learned how to cook, knit, tie knots and give first aid. They also learned about the history of the flag. Moreover, they developed important social skills as they learned how to work together. Juliette thought that girls everywhere should have this opportunity, so she decided to organize more troops.

Juliette organized several Girl Guides troops in both England and Scotland. Since she could not do all the work herself, she had to ask other women to help her. Sometimes the women were reluctant to give their time due to family responsibilities. However, Juliette was a very determined woman. When the women refused, she would pretend that she didn’t understand what they said. As a result, the women helped her in spite of being busy.

Juliette always persevered until she motivated others to help her with her goals. One encounter that required her persistence happened while she was in Scotland. She was walking along a road one day when she came to a stream. The only way across the stream was by a foot log, and Juliette was afraid to cross it alone. She was wondering what to do when she saw a peddler coming down the road. She told the peddler to go across the bridge first, and she would follow with her hand on his shoulder. Although the peddler started to protest, her stubborn insistence again paid off. He reluctantly led her across the foot bridge. Once they were safely on the other side, the peddler explained to her that he was blind!

When Juliette came back to America for a visit, she started the first Girl Guides troop in the country in her home town, Savannah. By the time she went back to England six months later, there were six Girl Guide troops in Savannah. At that time, the girls each made their own uniforms.

In 1913, the Girl Guides changed its name to the Girl Scouts. Juliette Low came back to Savannah that same year. She decided that there should be Girl Scout troops all over the United States, so she worked toward that goal. The first national Girl Scout convention was held in Washington, DC, on June 10, 1915.

Juliette died in Savannah on January 17, 1927. Thanks to her, there are now Girl Scouts all over the world. Juliette’s home in Savannah is a national Girl Scout center.

6 ’...Juliette started the first Girl Guides troop in the country in her home town of Savannah. By the time she went back to England six months later, there were six Girl Guide troops in Savannah’. From this statement we can assume that:

A Juliette liked the uniforms they Girl Guides wore.

В Other people set up their own troops because they were jealous of Juliette.

C Juliette helped to start all six of these troops.

D The girls in the first troop argued and had to be separated into six different troops.

7 Juliette started having trouble with her hearing when:

A she had a very high fever.

В she was 17 years old.

C she got married.

D she organized the Girl Scouts.

8 ’Sometimes the women were reluctant to give their time due to family responsibilities’. This sentence means:

A The women were eager to help her start Girl Guides troops.

В The women wanted to help, but had something due that they needed to work on.

C The women were in charge of other families.

D The women didn’t want to help her because they were too busy with their families.

9 The main idea of this passage can best be stated as:

A Juliette Low, a deaf woman, used determination and persistence to start Girl Scout troops all over the world.

В Juliette Low, a deaf woman, was very pushy and always got what she wanted.

C Juliette Low, a deaf woman, traveled to many different places in her life time but ended up back in Savannah.

D Without Juliette, the Girl Scouts would still only be a British phenomenon.

10 Juliette did things in this order:

A Went to England, married William, watched the Girl Guides meetings, organized her own Girl Guides troops.

В Watched the Girl Guides meetings, went to England, married William, organized her own Girl Guides troops.

C Married William, went to England, organized her own Girl Guides troops, watched the Girl Guides meetings.

D Married William, went to England, watched the Girl Guides meetings, organized her own Girl Guides troops.

TASK 3

Read the text. Match each passage (11-16) with the statements (A-H). There are two statements you should not use. Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

11 The ongoing changes in social, political and economic spheres of the country entails not only the raise of women’s role in society, in addition they are accompanied by breaking of stereotypes to treat human beings by sex that had been shaping through decades. Free economic relations and democratization of all spheres of life create the basis for eventual equal social rights for any human being regardless of sex, for both men and women. From a legal point of view, a man and a woman in Ukraine are equal. However, in practice, there are no real mechanisms of women’s rights fulfillment as well as for their active participation in social life.

12 Such questions as women and their place in the society, their political and social activity as well as enlightening of those problems in mass media; questions of creation of informational data-base as well as maternity and childhood cannot be effectively solved by governmental bodies, especially in the situation of economic crisis.

13 That is why it is important today to assist the creation of such mechanism through the activation of women’s public organizations. And non-governmental charity organizations become a single source for support of such projects.

14 Housework, chores and raising children are generally considered to belong to a woman’s domain. Despite the fact that birthrates in the country have been falling, children are obstacles in the labor market. It is understandable that women decide to defer having children later or do not have children at all. Along with that, there is a lack of knowledge about modern contraception and a correspondingly large number of abortions.

15 A lack of state financing in social programs has caused further tightening in the labor market, particularly for women. Female unemployment is rising at a catastrophically high rate. Women have less access to retraining programs than men, while women entrepreneurs are a rarity.

16 Women’s social status is a serious problem. Few female decision-makers can be found in positions of social importance. This strengthens the stereotype of ’male superiority’ and hinders the creation of true partnerships between men and women.

A Woman are restricted in the spheres of politics and government.

В The place of women in the society.

C The creation of true partnership between men and women.

D The importance of women’s public organizations.

E The working women.

F All humans are equal.

G The tasks for women.

H The reflections of equity is equel rights.

TASK 4

Read the text below. Choose from (A-H) the one which best fits each space (17-22). There are two choices you do not need to use. Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

The origins of chocolate can be traced back to the ancient Maya and Aztec civilisations in Central America who first enjoyed a much-prized spicy drink ‘chocolatl’, made from (17) ______________. Chocolate was exclusively for drinking until the early Victorian times when a technique for making solid ‘eating’ chocolate was devised. Throughout its history, whether as a cocoa or drinking chocolate beverage or confectionery treat, chocolate has always been (18) ______________.

The story of cocoa begins with cocoa trees, which grew wild in the tropical rain forests of the Amazon basin and other tropical areas in Central and South America for thousands of years. It was the Maya Indians, (19) ______________ whose descendants still live in Central America, who first discovered the delights of cocoa as long ago as 600 AD. ‘Chocolatl’ was consumed in large quantities by the Aztecs (20) ______________. The Aztec version of this popular drink was described as ‘finely ground, soft, foamy, reddish, bitter with chilli water, aromatic flowers, vanilla and wild bee honey.’ The Yucatan Peninsula, (21) ______________ in what is now Southern Mexico, where wild cocoa trees grew, was where the Maya lived. They harvested cocoa beans from the rain forest trees, then cleared areas of lowland forest to grow their own cocoa trees in the first known cocoa plantations.

The Maya Indians and the Aztecs had recognised the value of cocoa beans both as an ingredient for their special drink and (22) ______________ for hundreds of years before cocoa was brought to Europe. An early explorer visiting Central America found that 4 cocoa beans could buy a pumpkin; 10 could buy a rabbit; 100 were needed to buy a slave.

A as currency

В an ancient people

C rich capital city

D roasted cocoa beans

Е an official act

F a much sought after food

G a tropical area

H as a luxury drink

TASK 5

Read and complete the text below. For each of the empty space (23-32) choose the correct answer (А, В, C or D). Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

In 1638, in the palace in Lima, Peru, a rich young woman lay very ill. She was the wife of the Viceroy, appointed by the King in Spain. The young woman had malaria and she drifted between hot dry fevers, shivering and shaking (23) ______________ cold, and then sweating heavily. The family and their doctor tried (24) ______________ that they could but it seemed that there was nothing they could do. The woman became weaker and weaker and her family (25) ______________ that she would die.

Eventually, in desperation, a doctor suggested trying a (26) ______________ that he had heard was used (27) ______________ the north of the country. It was made from the bark of a tree and it was called quinquina. The family was (28) ______________ to try anything and they quickly sent someone to collect some. The bark of the tree was obtained as quickly as possible, and boiled to (29) ______________ the quinquina.

To the surprise of her family, the young woman quickly recovered. In fact, the woman was the first European to be cured (30) ______________ quinine. Once she realised the effectiveness of the medicine, she used it both in Peru and in Spain to help to cure her workers when they had malaria. Gradually, the effectiveness of the bark became (31) ______________ by more people. They realised the value of the medicine they could get from the bark of the tree. It became more and more expensive and by 1840 it cost about Ј2 (32) ______________ one kilogramme in weight, which is equivalent to about Ј400 today.

TASK 6

For each of the empty space (33-42) choose the correct answer (А, В, C or D). Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

Cadbury’s as we know it today started from humble beginnings in Bull Street, Birmingham. A shop (33) ______________ by John Cadbury in 1824. It did not start as a confectionery shop but (34) ______________ tea and coffee and home made drinking chocolate or cocoa which he made himself for his customers.

In those days cocoa and chocolate was a luxury and affordable by only the wealthy. John’s experiments with chocolate and a strong marketing campaign soon (35) ______________ him a leading trader in Birmingham. The shop (36) ______________ very well and become more and more popular.

John Cadbury moved into the manufacturing of drinking chocolate and cocoa. By the early 1840s Cadbury (37) ______________ from a factory in Bridge Street. The chocolate industry (38) ______________ a boost in the 1850s when the government (39) ______________ the high import taxes on cocoa. Chocolate was now within reach of the masses. Cadbury’s (40) ______________ a Royal Warrant in 1854 as manufacturers of chocolate for Queen Victoria.

After such a successful start, the business fell upon hard times. John Cadbury’s sons Richard and George struggled with the business after their father (41) ______________ in 1861. However, new processes and new products (42) ______________ the business improve. By the turn of the decade they were able move from the Bridge Street factory to what is now Bournville.

ВАРІАНТ 8

TASK 1

Read the given text. Match the sentences (A-H) to the passages (1-5). There are three sentences you should not use. Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

Teacher Needed: Tommy’s Kindergarten needs 2 teacher/trainers to help with classes from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Applicants should have appropriate licenses. For more information visit Tommy’s Kindergarten in Leicester Square No. 56

() (1) Needed: Full time secretary position available. Applicants should have at least 2 years experience and be able to type 60 words a minute. No computer skills required. Apply in person at United Business Ltd., 17 Browning Street

() (2) Are you looking for a part time job? We require 3 part time shop assistants to work during the evening. No experience required, applicants should between 18 and 26. Call 366 — 76564 for more information.

() (3) Computer trained secretaries: Do you have experience working with computers? Would you like a full time position working in an exciting new company? If your answer is yes, give us a call at.

() (4) Part Time work available: We are looking for retired adults who would like to work part time at the weekend. Responsibilities include answering the telephone and giving customer’s information. For more information contact us by calling

() (5) University positions open: The University of Cumberland is looking for 4 teaching assistants to help with homework correction. Applicants should have a degree in one of the following: Political Science, Religion, Economics or History. Please contact the University of Cumberland for more information.

A Jane Madison. Jane recently retired and is looking for a part time position. She would like to work with people and enjoys public relation work.

В Jack Anderson. Jack graduated from the University of Trent with a degree in Economics two years ago. He would like an academic position.

C Tom Rose. Tom is 29, he is a lawyer. He needs a full time position.

D Margaret Lillian. Margaret is 21 years old and would like a part time position to help her pay her university expenses. She can only work in the evenings.

E Alice Fingelhamm. Alice was trained as a secretary and has six years of experience. She is an excellent typist but does not know how to use a computer. She is looking for a full time position.

F Peter Florian. Peter went to business school and studied computer and secretarial skills. He is looking for his first job and would like a full time position.

G Vincent san George. Vincent loves working with children and has an education license from the city of Birmingham. He would like to work with young children.

H Ann First. Ann is a doctor. She looks for a full time p ositionofa physician in a local hospital.

TASK 2

Read the text below. For questions (6-Ю) choose the correct answer (А, В, C or D). Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

Thomas Alva Edison lit up the world with his invention of the electric light. Without him, the world might still be a dark place. However, the electric light was not his only invention. He also invented the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and over 1,200 other things. About every two weeks he created something new.

Thomas A. Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, on February 11, 1847. His family moved to Port Huron, Michigan, when he was seven years old. Surprisingly, he attended school for only two months. His mother, a former teacher, taught him a few things, but Thomas was mostly self-educated. His natural curiosity led him to start experimenting at a young age with electrical and mechanical things at home.

When he was 12 years old, he got his first job. He became a newsboy on a train that ran between Port Huron and Detroit. He set up a laboratory in a baggage care of the train so that he could continue his experiments in his spar9 time. Unfortunately, his first work experience did not end well. Thomas was fired when he accidentally set fire to the floor of the baggage car.

Thomas then worked for five years as a telegraph operator, but he continued to spend much of his time on the job conducting experiments. He got his first patent in 1868 for a vote recorder run by electricity. However, the vote recorder was not a success. In 1870, he sold another invention, a stock-ticker, for $40,000. A stock-ticker is a machine that automatically prints stock prices on a tape. He was then able to build his first shop in Newark, New Jersey.

Thomas Edison was totally deaf in one ear and hard of hearing in the other, but thought of his deafness as a blessing in many ways. It kept conversations short, so that he could have more time for work. He called himself a ’two-shift man’ because he worked 16 out of every 24 hours. Sometimes he worked so intensely that his wife had to remind him to sleep and eat.

Thomas Edison died at the age of 84 on October 18, 1931, at his estate in West Orange, New Jersey. He left numerous inventions that improved the quality of life all over the world.

6 What was not invented by Edison?

A electric light

В phonograph

C telegraph

D motion picture camera

7 Thomas Edison did things in this order;

A he became a telegraph operator, a newsboy, and then got his first patent

В he became a newsboy, got his first patent, and then became a telegraph operator

C he got a patent, became a telegraph operator, and then became a newsboy

D he became a newsboy, a telegraph operator, and then got a patent

8 Edison considered his deafness:

A a disadvantage

В a blessing

C something from a priest

D a necessity

9 The boy set up his first laboratory in....

A a shop

В a baggage care of a bus

C a baggage care of the train

D a baggage care of the ship

10 The main idea of this passage is:

A Thomas Edison was always interested in science and inventions, and he invented many important things

В Thomas Edison could not keep a job

C Thomas Edison worked day and night on his experiments

D Deaf people make good inventors because they can focus without the distraction of spoken conversation

TASK 3

Read the text. Match each passage (11-16) with the statements (A-H). There are two statements you should not use. Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

11 NY city is located at the mouth of the Hudson River, south-eastern New York state, northeastern U.S. New York City is the centre of the largest urban agglomeration in the United States. It occupies Manhattan and Staten islands, the western end of Long Island, a portion of the mainland, and various islands in New York Harbor and Long Island Sound. Its urban area extends into neighbouring parts of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut.

12 New York City is an ethnic melting pot where the most dramatic cultural contrasts are commonplace.

It is among the most geographically and demographically complex of world cities, its economy one of the most divers? And its cultural scene among the richest and most variegated.

13 The city consists of five boroughs (Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, and Staten Island [formerly Richmond]), which correspond to five counties of New York state (New York, Kings, Queens, Bronx, and Richmond, respectively). All are located near the point where the Hudson River empties into Upper New York Bay of the Atlantic Ocean. The city’s only land boundaries are Westchester county on the north and Nassau county on Long Island to the east. The city’s waterfront is used for shipping and recreation.

14 The city may be described as a collection of many neighbourhoods, each with its own character and life-style. Manhattan is the economic and cultural heart of the city and is often considered to be ’the city’. Administration and services, however, have become increasingly decentralized as community planning boards have assumed more power in areas such as education, health, housing, and public works. Manhattan, the magnet for tourists and businessmen, is at first glance a city of skyscrapers, glaring lights, and frenetic pace. The shopping promenade of Fifth Avenue, the financial institutions of Wall Street, the residential mansions of Park Avenue, or the bohemian life in the East Village and SoHo give typical impressions.

15 Only Brooklyn of the other boroughs has a similar ethnic heterogeneity and a similar range of social life, with commercial and industrial districts and residential areas ranging from the wealth of Brooklyn Heights to the most abject poverty of parts of Bedford-Stuyvesant.

16 The artists of New York City exhibit in a wide variety of forms, ranging from traditional crafts to the most avant-garde work, flavoured by complex blends of ethnic and national influences. Theatrical arts and entertainment are also widespread: Broadway is the synonym for musical comedies and legitimate drama; Carnegie Hall is one of the most famous concert halls in the world; and Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts is the home of the Metropolitan Opera, the New York City Opera, the New York Philharmonic, and the New York City Ballet.

A The science centre.

В A great melting pot.

C Brooklyn is one of the NY boroughs.

D The location of New York City.

E The cultural life of the city.

F Manhattan is the magnet for tourists.

G The structure of the great city.

H New York City is a centre of world trade and finance.

TASK 4

Read the text below. Choose from (A-H) the one which best fits each space (17-22). There are two choices you do not need to use. Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

What is an ideal society? Is it a reality full of peace, love and prosperity or the utopia created in our dreams?

The need of ideal society was present in all the epochs after human organised themselves as an intelligent community. The reason for that is the uniqueness of each person, the difference of views and desires. The need of every person is rather objective that creates the multistructure of each family, community, society and the entire world. That leads to the disharmony in the global structure of the society as the living organism.

Plato tried to specify (17) ________________ of ideal society in order to smooth the misunderstanding in the society over. Every person should have (18) ________________, to be like a needed element and only then the Machine can work and gain.

Some world religions, Hinduism for example, support the same view. But this strict determination of a person to some place or rank is rather not humanistic and democratic. If we remember Utopia by Thomas Moore we will get one more (19) ________________. Here the same levelled structure is displayed, each person has the duties of his/her own. The life here is calm and quiet like in Paradise, all people are so happy.

Each of us dreams of such a life but none does something to make it better to change ourselves and to love each other. We can name Defoe, Marx and many other world minds here, who wanted (20) ________________ both on paper and in life. But ideal society, to my mind, is the union where people can love and trust. But as the experience of the millenniums states people are so multidimensional and different that each want to dictate his/her will.

Wars and conflicts are all (21) ________________. We strive to be happy and rich but forget about others and there are our children among those others. Ideal society is possible if people are either angels or clones, having no personal views or needs. But then there is a need in (22) ________________, a so called Big Brother. But it is rather quasi ideal society as the etymology of the word ’ideal’ is already connected with some good qualities. Ideal society is a utopia, being more and more unreal with every day of our entire life!

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