Needconjugated with will/shall, do/does/didetc. takes the full infinitive and is sometimes referred to as need to.

149 Absence of obligation: forms

Speaker's authority External authority

Future need not shan't/won 't need to shan 't/won 't have to

Present need not don 't/doesn 't need to don 't/doesn 't have to haven 't/hasn 't got to

Past (see 150 B)

didn 't need to didn 't have to hadn 't got to

But see 148 C above for needn't in indirect speech.

shan 't/won't need to = shan 't/won't have to don 't/doesn't need to = don 't/doesn't have to

didn't need to = didn't have to (but didn't have to is the more usual form)

There are no exact need equivalents of haven 't/hasn't got to and hadn't got to as can be seen from the table.

150 Difference between need not and the other forms A 1 As already stated, need not expresses the speaker's authority or advice:

You needn't write me another cheque. Just change the date and initial it.

I'm in no hurry. He needn't send it by air. He can send it by sea. You needn't do it by hand. I'll lend you my machine.

You needn't call me Mr Jones. We all use first names here.

COLLEGE LECTURER: You needn't type your essays but you must write legibly.

2 The other forms express external authority:

Tom doesn't have to wear uniform at school.

We don't have to type our essays but we have to write legibly. When I'm an old age pensioner I won't have to pay any more bus fares.

Ann hasn 't got to go/doesn 't have to go to this lecture. Attendance is optional.

When I have a telephone of my own I won't have to waste time waiting outside these wretched telephone boxes.

Ann doesn 't have to cook for herself. She works at a hotel and gets all her meals there.

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