The present perfect used with forand since 2 страница

В But with verbs of movement from one place to another, e.g. arrive, come, drive, fly, go, leave, start, travel, verbs indicating position, e.g. stay, remain, and the verbs do and have (food or drink), the present continuous can be used more widely. It can express a decision or plan without any definite arrangement. Alan in 201 (f) can therefore say I'm going home tonight/I'm leaving tonight even before he has arranged his journey. Note also:

What are you doing next Saturday? (This is the usual way of asking people about their plans.) Possible answers:

I'm going to the seaside.

The neighbours are coming in to watch television.

I'm not doing anything. I'm staying at home. I'm going to write letters. (I'm writing... would not be possible.)

C This method of expressing the future cannot be used with verbs which are not normally used in the continuous tenses (see 168). These verbs should be put into the future simple (will/shall):

I am meeting him tonight but / will/shall know tonight. They are coming tomorrow but They will be here tomorrow. We 'II think it over.

Note, however, that see, when it is used for a deliberate action (see to/about, see someone out/off/home etc., see

meaning 'meet by appointment'), can be used in the continuous tenses (see 170):

I'm seeing him tomorrow. (I have an appointment with him.) to be can be used in the continuous tenses when it forms part of a passive verb:

He is being met at the station tonight.

Our new piano is being delivered this afternoon.

D More examples of combinations of will + infinitive used at the moment of decision (see 201) and the present continuous tense used as a future form:

TRAVEL AGENT: Now, how do you want to go to Rome, sir? By air or by train?

TRAVELLER (making up his mind): The trains are too slow. I'll fly. But afterwards, talking about his plans, this traveller will say:

I'm flying to Rome next week.

ANN: I'll have to pay £150 rent at the end of this month and I don't know where to find the money.

TOM: Don't worry. I'll lend you £150. Later, but before Tom has actually lent the money, Ann will say:

Tom is lending me £150.

TOM: Would you like to come to the opera tonight?

ANN: I'd love to. Shall I meet you there?

TOM: No, I'll call for you. About seven?

ANN: OK. Later, Ann, telling a friend about this plan, will say:

Tom is taking me to the opera tonight. He's calling for me at seven.

(The be going to form could replace the continuous tense in the above examples.)

203 The be going to form A Form

The present continuous tense of the verb to go + the full infinitive:

I'm going to buy a bicycle. She is not going to be there.

Is he going to lecture in English?

В This form is used:

(a) For intention (see 204).

(b) For prediction (see 206).

204 The be going to form used for intention

The be going to form expresses the subject's intention to perform a certain future action. This intention is always premeditated and there is usually also the idea that some preparation for the action has already been made.

Actions expressed by the be going to form are therefore usually considered very likely to be performed, though there is not the same idea of definite future arrangement that we get from the present continuous.

The following points may be noted:

1 As already shown, be going to can be used for the near future with a time expression as an alternative to the present continuous, i.e. we can say:

I'm/I am meeting Tom at the station at six.

I'm/I am going to meet Tom at the station at six. But note that I'm meeting Tom implies an arrangement with Tom. I'm going to meet Tom does not: Tom may get a surprise!

2 be going to can be used with time clauses when we wish to emphasize the subject's intention:

He is going to be a dentist when he grows up.

What are you going to do when you get your degree? Normally, however, the future simple (shall/will) is used with time clauses. (See 342.)

3 be going to can be used without a time expression:

I'm going to play you a Bach fugue. He is going to lend me his bicycle. It then usually refers to the immediate or near future.

4 As seen in (2) above, the be going to form can be used with the verb to be. It is also sometimes found with other verbs not normally used in the continuous tenses:

/ am going to think about it. I'm sure I'm going to like it. But on the whole it is safer to use the future simple here.

5 Note that it is not very usual to put the verbs go and come into the be going to form. Instead we generally use the present continuous tense: i.e. instead of / am going to go we normally say / am going and instead of / am going to come we very often say / am coming.

Note that we can express intention by using will + infinitive. This form is compared with be going to in 205.

205 Comparison of the use of be going to and will + infinitive to express intention

Very often we can use either the be going to form or will + infinitive, but there are differences between them, as a result of which there are occasions when only one of them is possible.

The chief difference is:

A The be going to form always implies a premeditated intention, and often an intention + plan.

will + infinitive implies intention alone, and this intention is usually, though not necessarily, unpremeditated. If, therefore, preparations for the action have been made, we must use be going to:

/ have bought some bricks and I'm going to build a garage. If the intention is clearly unpremeditated, we must use will:

There is somebody at the hall door. ~ I'll go and open it. (See examples in section E.)

When the intention is neither clearly premeditated nor clearly unpremeditated, either be going to or will may be used:

/ will/am going to climb that mountain one day.

I won't/am not going to tell you my age. But will is the best way of expressing determination:

/ will help you. (with stress on will) This means Т definitely intend to help you'.

Other differences:

В As already noted, will + infinitive in the affirmative is used almost entirely for the first person. Second and third person intentions are therefore normally expressed by be going to:

He is going to resign.

Are you going to leave without paying?

С But in the negative won't can be used for all persons. So we can say:

He isn't going to resign or He won't resign.

But note that won't used for a negative intention normally means 'refuse':

He won't resign = He refuses to resign. He isn't going to resign normally means 'He doesn't intend to resign'. D be going to, as already stated, usually refers to the fairly immediate future, will can refer either to the immediate or to the more remote future.

E More examples of be going to and will

1 Examples of be going to used to express intention:

What are you doing with that spade? ~ I am going to plant some apple trees.

She has bought some wool; she is going to knit a jumper.

Why are you taking down all the pictures? ~ I am going to repaper the room.

Some workmen arrived today with a roller. I think they are going to repair our road.

Why is he carrying his guitar? ~ He is going to play it in the Underground.

Note that it would not be possible to substitute will for be going to in any of the above examples, as in each of them there is clear evidence of premeditation.

2 Examples of will + infinitive (see 201):

This is a terribly heavy box. ~ I'll help you to carry it. I've left my watch upstairs. ~ I'll go and get it for you. Who will post this letter for me? ~ I will. Will you lend me £100? ~ No, I won't.

3 Some comparisons of be going to and will

In answer to Tom's remark There aren't any matches in the house Ann might reply either I'm going to get some today (premeditated decision) or I'll get some today (unpremeditated decision). The first would imply that some time before this conversation she realized that there were no matches and decided to buy some. The second would imply that she had not previously decided to buy matches but took the decision now, immediately after Tom's remark.

Similarly, if Ann says Where is the telephone book? and Tom says I'll get it for you he is expressing a decision made immediately after Ann's question. If he said I'm going to get it, it would mean that he had decided to do this before Ann spoke (presumably because he had anticipated that Ann would want it, or needed it for himself).

4 Note that will/won't does not have any meaning of intention when it is used as indicated in 209 A-E, i.e. when it is used as part of the future simple will/shall. So He won't resign can mean He refuses to resign or / don't expect that he will resign; and in If he hurries he'll catch up with her, will doesn't express intention but merely states a fact.

206 The be going to form used for prediction

A The be going to form can express the speaker's feeling of certainty. The time is usually not mentioned, but the action is expected to happen in the near or immediate future:

Look at those clouds! It's going to rain.

Listen to the wind. We 're going to have a rough crossing. It can be used in this way after such verbs as be sure/afraid, believe, think:

How pale that girl is! I am sure/I believe/I think she is going to faint.

g Comparison of be going to (used for prediction) with will (used for probable future)

will is a common way of expressing what the speaker thinks, believes, hopes, assumes, fears etc. will happen (see 209 A):

It will probably be cold/I expect it will be cold.

Tomatoes will be expensive this year/I'm sure tomatoes will be expensive.

will and be going to are therefore rather similar and often either form can be used:

It will take a long time to photocopy all the documents =

It is going to take a long time to photocopy all the documents. But there are two differences:

1 be going to implies that there are signs that something will happen, will implies that the speaker thinks/believes that it will happen.

2 be going to is normally used about the immediate/fairly immediate future; will doesn't imply any particular time and could refer to the remote future.

For example, The lift is going to break down implies that it is making strange noises or behaving in a strange way; we had better get out on the next floor. The lift will break down implies that this will happen some time in the future (perhaps because we always overload our lifts, perhaps because it is an XYZ Company lift and they don't last). Similarly (of a sick man), He is going to get better implies that there are signs of recovery. Perhaps his temperature has gone down. He will get better implies confidence in his doctor or in the course of treatment, but promises eventual rather than immediate recovery.

207 The future simple Form

There is no future tense in modern English, but for convenience we often use the term 'future simple' to describe the form will/shall + bare infinitive.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

/ will/I'll work or / will not/won 't work or

/ shall work / shall not/shan 't work shall I work?

you will/you '11 work

you will not/won 't work will you work?

he will/he'll work

etc.

we will/we'll work

or

he will not/won 't work

etc.

we will not/won 't work

or

will he work? etc.

we shall work we shall not/shan't work shall we work?

you will/you '11 work

they will/they 'It work

you will not/won 't work will you work? they will not/won 't work will they work?

For interrogative contractions, see 104.

Negative interrogative: will he not/won't he work? etc.

208 First person will and shall

A Formerly will was kept for intention:

/ will wait for you = I intend to wait for you

and shall was used when there was no intention, i.e. for actions where the subject's wishes were not involved:

/ shall be 25 next week.

We shall know the result next week. (It will be in the papers.)

Unless the taxi comes soon we shall miss our plane. I'm sure I shan't lose my way.

I shall see Tom tomorrow. (Perhaps we go to work on the same train.)

shall, used as above, is still found in formal English, but is no longer common in conversation. Instead we normally use will:

/ will be 25 next week.

We'll know the result tomorrow:.

Unless the taxi comes soon we'll miss the plane. I'm sure I won't lose my way.

Sometimes, however, will might change the meaning of the sentence. If in / shall see Tom tomorrow we replace shall by will, we have / will see Tom tomorrow, which could be an expression of intention. To avoid ambiguities of this kind we use the future continuous tense:

I'll be seeing Tom tomorrow. (See 211-14.) shall, however, is still used in the interrogative: In question tags after let's: Let's go, shall we? In suggestions: Shall we take a taxi?

In requests for orders or instructions: What shall I do with your mail? In speculations: Where shall we be this time next year? (Here, though, will is also possible.)

В shall for determination

We have already noted (see 201, 205) that determination is normally expressed by will. But sometimes public speakers feel that to express determination they need a 'heavier' word, a word not normally used much, and so they say shall:

(in a speech) We shall fight and we shall win. We will fight and we shall win would be equally possible. shall

used in this way sometimes carries the idea of promise which we get in second person shall:

You shall have a sweet = I promise you a sweet. (See 234 A.)

In we shall win the speaker is promising victory. shall can be used in this way in ordinary conversation:

/ shall be there, I promise you.

But will here is equally possible and less trouble for the student. When in doubt use will.

209 Uses of the future simple

A To express the speaker's opinions, assumptions, speculations about the future. These may be introduced by verbs such as assume, be afraid, be/feel sure, believe, daresay, doubt, expect, hope, know, suppose, think, wonder or accompanied by adverbs such as perhaps, possibly, probably, surely, but can be used without them: (I'm sure) he'll come back.

(I suppose) they'll sell the house. (Perhaps) we'll find him at the hotel.

They'll (probably) wait for us.

The future simple can be used with or without a time expression. be going to is sometimes possible here also, but it makes the action appear more probable and (where there is no time expression) more immediate. He'll build a house merely means 'this is my opinion', and gives no idea when the building will start. But He's going to build a house implies that he has already made this decision and that he will probably start quite soon.

В The future simple is used similarly for future habitual actions which we assume will take place: Spring will come again. Birds will build nests. People will make plans.

Other men will climb these stairs and sit at my desk, (will be coming/building/making/climbing/sitting would

also be possible.)

С The future simple is used in sentences containing clauses of condition, time and sometimes purpose:

If I drop this glass it will break. (See 221.) When it gets warmer the snow will start to melt. (See 342.) I'm putting this letter on top of the pile so that he'll read it first. (See 336.)

Note that in an if-clause or a time clause we don't use the future simple even when the meaning is future:

He will probably be late but If he is late... and

It will get warmer soon but When it gets warmer...

D Verbs not normally used in the continuous tenses, e.g. auxiliary verbs, verbs of the senses, of emotion, thinking, possessing etc. (see 168), usually express the future by the future simple, though be going to is sometimes possible:

He 'II be here at six. You 'II have time for tea. She'll wonder where you are. They'll know tonight.

E The future simple is used, chiefly in newspapers and news broadcasts, for formal announcements of future plans and for weather forecasts. In conversations such statements would normally be expressed by the present continuous or be going to form or, for plans only, by the present continuous:

NEWSPAPER: The President will open the new heliport tomorrow. The fog will persist in all areas. But the average reader/listener will say:

The President is going to open/is opening... The fog is going to persist/continue...

F won't can be used with all persons to express negative intention. So He won't pay can mean either He refuses to pay or / don't think he 'II pay.

I/we will can express affirmative intention (see 201), but he/you/they will do not normally express intention. They may appear to do so sometimes in such sentences as My son/brother/husband etc. will help you, but the intention may be the speaker's rather than the subject's.

210 will contrasted with want/wish/would like

A will must not be confused with want/wish/would like. will expresses an intention + a decision to fulfill it:

/ will buy it = I intend to buy it/I'm going to buy it. want/wish/would like merely expresses a desire. They do not give any information about intended actions. (See also 296, 299.)

В Note, however, that I'd like is often a possible alternative to /'// have/take:

CUSTOMER (in a shop): I'd like/I'll have a pound of peas, please.

DINER (in a restaurant): I'd like/I'll have the soup, please. Both can be used for invitations:

Would you like a drink? or Will you have a drink? When accepting an invitation we can use either form:

I'd like/I'll have a sherry, please.

But the two forms are not interchangeable in the negative, so if we wish to refuse an invitation we must say:

/ won't have anything, thanks or / don't want anything, thanks. wouldn't like means 'would dislike', so could not be used here.

211 The future continuous tense A Form

This tense is made up of the future simple of to be + the present participle. In the first person, will is more usual than shall, except in the interrogative. Affirmative I/we will/shall be working

he/she/it/you/they will be working Negative I/we will/shall not be working he/she/it/you/they will not be working Interrogative shall/will I/we be working?

will he/she/it/you/they be working? Contractions as shown in 207. Negative interrogative: will he not/won't he be working? etc.

В Use

This tense has two uses:

It can be used as an ordinary continuous tense. It can express a future without intention. 912 The future continuous used as an ordinary continuous tense

Like other continuous tenses it is normally used with a point in time, and expresses an action which starts before that time and probably continues after it. This use is best seen by examples. Imagine a class of students at this moment-9.30 a.m. We might say:

Now they are sitting in their classroom. They are listening to a tape. This time tomorrow they will be sitting in

the cinema. They will be watching a film. On Saturday there is no class. So on Saturday they will not be sitting in the classroom. They will be doing other things. Bill will be playing tennis. Ann will be shopping. George will still be having breakfast. A continuous tense can also be used with a verb in a simple tense:

Peter has been invited to dinner with Ann and Tom. He was asked to come at eight but tells another friend that he intends to arrive at seven. The friend tries to dissuade him: 'When you arrive they'll still be cooking the meal!'

213 The future continuous used to express future without intention Example: / will be helping Mary tomorrow.

This does not imply that the speaker has arranged to help Mary or that he wishes to help her. It merely states that this action will happen. The future continuous tense used in this way is somewhat similar to the present continuous, but differs from it in the following points. The present continuous tense implies a deliberate future action. The future continuous tense usually implies an action which will occur in the normal course of events. It is therefore less definite and more casual than the present continuous: / am seeing Tom tomorrow. I'll be seeing Tom tomorrow.

The first implies that Tom or the speaker has deliberately arranged the meeting, but the second implies that Tom and the speaker will meet in the ordinary course of events (perhaps they work together). This difference is not always very important, however, and very often either tense can be used. We can say: He'll be taking his exam next week or He is taking his exam next week. He won't be coming to the party or He isn 't coming to the party. The present continuous can only be used with a definite time and for the near future, while the future continuous can be used with or without a definite time and for the near or distant future. We can say:

/ am meeting him tomorrow but

I'll be meeting him tomorrow/next year/some time, (or without a time expression at all)

214 The future continuous and will + infinitive compared

A There is approximately the same difference between will + infinitive and the future continuous as between will + infinitive and the present continuous, will + infinitive expresses future with intention. The future continuous expresses future without intention. In this sentence:

I'll write to Mr Pitt and tell him about Tom's new house the verb in bold type expresses intention. The speaker announces a deliberate future action in accordance with his own wishes. But in the sentence:

I'll be writing to Mr Pitt and I'll tell him about Tom's new house the verb in bold type expresses no intention. It is a mere statement of fact and implies that this letter to Mr Pitt will be written either as a matter of routine or for reasons unconnected with Tom's new house. Similarly, Tom won't cut the grass means Tom refuses to cut it, while Tom won't be cutting the grass is a mere statement of fact, giving no information about Tom's feelings.

Perhaps Tom is away, or ill, or will be doing some other job.

В will + infinitive can express invitation, request or command:

Will you have a cigarette? (See 210.)

Will you help me to lift the piano? (See 284.)

You will work in this room. (See 282.) The future continuous can have none of the above meanings:

Will you please bring the piano in here? (request) ~ Yes sir/OK.

But

Will you be bringing the piano in here? (question only) ~

Yes, I think I will or No, I think I'll put it upstairs. You will work in this office (command) but

You will be working here, (only a statement)

As before, the present continuous could be used here instead of the future continuous, provided that a time expression was added.

215 Examples of various future forms

A Imagine that we ask five people about their plans for the following Saturday. We say:

What are you doing/going to do on Saturday? (a) Peter has arranged to play golf with George; so he will say:

I'm playing/going to play golf with George.

(b) Mary has decided to stay at home and make jam; so she will say: I'm staying/going to stay at home. I'm going to make jam.

(c) Andrew's plans depend on the weather; so he may say:

If it's fine I'll work/I'm going to work in the garden.

(d) Ann hasn't made any plans, but she may say:

Perhaps I'll take/I expect I'll take/I'll probably take/I suppose I'll take my children for a walk.

(e) Bill always has to work on Saturdays; so he will say:

Oh, I'll be working as usual. (No other form would give this exact meaning.)

В Questions about intentions

These are usually expressed by the present continuous, the be going to form or the future continuous. This last tense is a particularly useful interrogative form as it is considered more polite than the others. So if we are continuing to ask our five people questions we may say:

(a) Where are you playing/are you going to play/will you be playing golf?

(b) What kind of jam are you going to make/will you be making? will you + infinitive is less usual than the other forms and is rarely found at the beginning of a sentence. (This is to avoid confusion, because will you + infinitive at the beginning of a sentence usually introduces a request.) It is however used in conditional sentences and when the speaker is offering something or asking the other person to make a decision:

What will you do if he is not on the plane? Will you have a drink? Will you have your meal now or later? More examples of questions based on the sentences in A above:

(c) If we are questioning Andrew we will probably say:

What are you going to do/What will you be doing in the garden? (though What will you do? would be possible), and Are you going to cut/Will you be cutting the grass? (Will you cut the grass? would sound more like a request.)

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