ÒÎÐ 5 ñòàòåé: Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ïîäõîäû ê àíàëèçó ôèíàíñîâîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ Ïðîáëåìà ïåðèîäèçàöèè ðóññêîé ëèòåðàòóðû ÕÕ âåêà. Êðàòêàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà âòîðîé ïîëîâèíû ÕÕ âåêà Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà øëèôîâàëüíûõ êðóãîâ è åå ìàðêèðîâêà Ñëóæåáíûå ÷àñòè ðå÷è. Ïðåäëîã. Ñîþç. ×àñòèöû ÊÀÒÅÃÎÐÈÈ:
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Comparative Chart of Vowel Phonemes in Canadian English, General American and RP 1 ñòðàíèöà
1 I»j. lea], [09], Eu»] correspond to the QA äïè ÑÅ (»), [srj. [srj, There are three main types distinguished within RP pronunciation; 1) conservative — used by older generation, by certain professions or social groups, 2) the general RP used by the BBC, and 3) the advanced RP, used by young people, or in some circles for prestige purposes. The main differences between standard and advanced RP are the following: 1) The closing diphthongs are pronounced with the weakened or /tel/ instead of /teil/ /ou/ turns into /a:/, e. g. /Üç:ï/ instead of /boim/ /ai/ turns into /a3/ or /a/, e. g. /ba3d/, /bad/ instead of /baid/ /àè/ turns into /aa/, or /a/, e. g. /taa/, or /t<t/ instead of Äàèç/ /oi/ turns into /o:/, e. g. /bo:/ instead of /boi/ {tall, call are exceptions) 2) The centring diphthongs are levelled with monophthongs: /ia/, /áý/ turn into /e:/ or long /æ/, å- g. bared, fared, pared are pronounced as /bs:d/, /fs:d/, /pe:d/ /is/ is opposed to /åý/ in open syllables, e. g. hear—hair, fear — fair. This opposition does not occur before voiceless, or before /1/. /ë/ turns into /a/, e. g. /san/ instead oi /sAn/ 3) The glottal stop is used between words and syllables, e. g» 4) /r/ is pronounced like the GA retroflex /r/. Questions 1. What is standard pronunciation? 2. What are the main differences between the RP and GA a) systems of consonants; b) system^ of vowels; c) accentual structure and intonation? 3, What is "advanced" RP? Exercises 1. Read the words below according to the GA standard. • farm, bird, sister, leave, let, late, berry, merry, very, Bett ó,.bottle* little, city, certainly, that one, mountain, which, what, when, due,1 new, suit, excursion, version, Persia, man, name, noun, nationa^ 2. Read the words below (a) with the vowel /i/ obscured: will, fill, building, river, spirit, miracle, beer (b) with the vowel lei lower than the RP /e/: jc) with the vowel /el diphthongized /W, /a»/: bet, get,-detr met,.neck,-check,iet; - Ø 3. Read the words below (a) with the OA Û more frönt arid longer than the RP /je/: ask, dance, last, answer,' half, aunt (b) with the RP /se/ nasalized before I A, m, n/: 4. Read the words below according to the GA standard. hurry PWij, current /*êçòýï1:/, courage /^idg/, worry /lW3ri/„ furrow /'{ýãýè/, squirrel />skw3r3l/, stirrup /Ûýãýð/, clerk /êÜ×?/ã derby /Wbi/ 5. Read the words below with the /r/-colouring terminally. winter, perceiver, doctor, mister, sister, Webster 6. Read the words below according to the GA standard- 7. Read the words below according to the GA standard, hop, rob, not, lock; doll, solve, on; frog, log, long; law, court 8- Read the words below. Compare the pronunciation of theJRP and GA diphthongs, of the Jong monophthongs /?:, a/. gate, date, late, Kate, mate, make; radio, goat, coat; far, formr fare, bare, poor, mare, near, door 9, Read the words below. Mind the tertiary stress differences in RP and OAl RP GA 'dictionary idictiojnary iFerbuary >FebrU|ary 'ordinary 'ordinary 'category icateigory •territory lterri|tcry 'cemetery 'cemetery 'monastery 'monastery 'matrimony 'matrimony 'testimony 'testimony 'necessarily 'necessarily 'ordinarily 'ordinarily 10. Read the words below. Mind the place of primary stress on thejsecond com RP GA 'apple'source 'appleisource 'beefsteak 'beefsteak 'elseiwhere 'elsewhere ifarraJhouse 'farmihouse 'mean'time 'meanitime White 'House «White iHouse J-midf<Jay 'working 'man 'mid|day 'working 11. Read the place names below. Mind a single primary stress in RP and a primary and a tertiary stress in GA.
RP * Birmingham 'Bloombury
(Buckingham iDartmöor ) Moorgate 'Newfoundland 'Peterborough 'Devonshire
'Ex moor 'Exmouth •Hampstead 'Highgate
'Hollywood 'Manchester 12. Read the GA general questions with a Jailing tone (the counterpart tone Are you going? Does he care? 13. Read the GA casual requests with the falling tone (this intonation in RP Come in, Sit down. Shut the door. Ojjen the book. KEY TO EXERCISES Exercises p. 14 1. witches /witj, -iz/, glasses /glas, -iz/, foxes /ftjks, -iz/, gases /gaes, -iz/V 2. begged /begd/, lived /!ivd/, opened /laupand/, travelled /Itrsevld/, cancelled 3. /Ineifcn—Insejanl/, /greiv—Ignsviti/, /pratvauk—pralvukstiv/, /zfcl— 4. /Jredbrest/ ìàëèíîâêà; /Iblitbe]/êîëîêîëü÷èê; /Ibbsfeun/ìåäíûé êóïîðîñ;- àóïòâàõòà; /Iblaäkrnss/ ðåêâèåì 5, /stil/ íåïîäâèæíûé, ñïîêîéíûé; /sti:l/ ñòàëü; /pml/ ëóæà, /pul/ òÿíóòü; 8. Rhythm. 9. Òî give particular importance to the word think. _,. i0; (a) Tne sounds /s, J/ are repeated to express the idea of sea movement. Thls„\hIIPe helPs to Practise their differentiation. (b) The sounds /u, ae, i, ë/ are repeated in the rhyme to practise thei* pronunciation and differentiation. .11. /bau-wau, mJiE-mjur, grAnt-grAnt, skwi:k,;tuihu:, kau-kau, kwffik-kwffikrmu;/. Onomatopoeia. Control Tasks p. 17 3
4. very— vary /Iveri — Ivean/; 2. personal —personnel /Ipaisnal — tpa:saln el1/; '227 paw /ðÿ— ðèý—ðõ/; 15. courage—carriage /Ikindg—Iksciij/; 16. inquire — acquire /mlkwais—elkwaia/ 6. wolves /wulf, -vz/, wives /waif, -vz/, lives /laif, -vz/, leaves /li:f, -vz/, á./ýè—"D,3-9/;/ei—a.z—s/;/3—9/;/tu—u, z—s/; /v—S/; /i—«,v—f/; /v-f/; /v-f/ 7. /fmsilt—inlsAlt/ îñêîðáëåíèå—îñêîðáëÿòü; /lübdgikt—abtdsekt/ ïðåä 8. Alliteration, rhyme, rhythm. 9. Through the repatition of the sounds /ju:, ei, ai, A/, syllabification and Exercises p. 33 8. In the articulation of /p, t, k/ the vocal cords are taken apart and do not vibrate. In the production of /b, d, g/ the vocal cords are drawn close together and vibrate. In the /p, t, k/ articulation the force of exhalation is much greater than that in the production of /b, d, g/, therefore /p, t, k/ are voiceless fortis and /b, d, g/ are voiced lenis. 4. In the articulation of /m, n, rj/ the soft palate is lowered. In the articu 5. In the articulation of /b/ the noise is produced when the flow of air 6. In the articulation of /w/the active organs of speech are the lips, which 8. The place of articulation (focus) in the production of /s/ (lenis) its between the teethridge and the front part of the tongue. There is groove-shaped depression in the front part of the tongue, through which the air passes with friction: it passes through a round narrowing. The place of articulation (focus) in the production of III is between the lower iip and the edge of the upper teeth. The air passes through this narrowing with friction. The narrowing in III articulation is more or less flat. 10. /Iptpl/, /Ipeipa/, /lpa:p3S/, /Ipusabl/, /put/, /pens/, /Ipiti/, /pua/, /Iptsiz/, /pst/, /Ipeni/, /t«k/, /taim/, /taun/, /taiz/, /items/, /tuk/. /Iteeksiz/, /hl/, /itfctjaz/, /ta:nd/, /Itsutl/, /tus/, /tm/, /Unz/, /to:ts/, /kauid/, /Ikeaful/, /kcu/, Äèê/, /IkAirad/, /küst/, /kist/, /Iksmpas/, /lke:tli/, /Ikutwig/, /IkAraits/, /)êë1ý/ Exercises p. 44 4. Cardinal vowel No. 1 is pronounced with the position of the tongue Cardinal vowel No. 2 is pronounced with the position of the tongue narrower than for the Russian /e/ in the words ìåñòü, òåñòü. Cardinal vowel No. 3 is similar to the Russian /ý/ in the words àõî, ýòî. 5. For instance: /t—d/bit—bid, bat—bad, debt —dead; /k~g/ duck —dug, Ï. The beginning of the articulation of (k —u>/ coincides with that of /i — u/
12. (a) /si:m—sins/ /mi:l—mil/ /mi:n—mins/ /sli.-p-slip/ /Ibst — list/ (c) /ttm—tim/ /Ø-fil/ /bto—ô / /3—dgtm/ /IfMin—Ifilirj/ /fct-it/ /slits—sits/ (g) /Itv-lw/ /Iffcve—Ihfti/ /Iblikan—bil/ /tj-fck—tjm/ /btt—bit/ 33. (a) /bed—b£ed/ /9en—Ýàåï/ /tplenti—plasn/ /els—Iffilis/ /Itete—dsede/ (c) /frentj1-—ran/ /pens—psents/ /Ibenal—Ibawau/ /Itwenti —twffin/ /I mem—Imaetg/ (e) /ded—deed/ /leni —tjelrs/ /IJeb-Jal/ /)men — Imasrid/ /Ihenn —lhaepi/ <fi) /Iheti-hajt/ /Isentral—Isaandi/ /ltjev»t-lt,fenl/ /Iraem—rneep/ /ivesl—Ivsljus/ /leldah — lenkfts/ t4. (a) /kam—êëò/ /ISa—1ãëòï/ (b) /riid—nd/ /Stfel — Stil/ /krfck—knk/ /slfct—sht/ /sfck—sik/ (d) /sfcn—sm/ /Idtb—Idina/ /htt—hit/' /bbt— bit/ (f) /f!:Z—fiz/ /mt—mist/ /Jffcz—9is/ /sttp—stik/ (h) /ht—him/ /Glim—9in/ /sfets—sits/ /Sti:p —Stlf/ /Jptpl-pit/ (b) /hed—had/ /ten—tsen/ /(eft—Ised/ /let—siaek/ /sillekt—nllseks/ (d) /end—and/ /Sen—Seen/ /leniwei—Ifsmih/ /bed—bsek/ /Ihelpin — Ihspi/ (f) /ten—tsen/ /men—man/ /sed—ssed/ /bed—bsed/ /t Jest-t Jap/ (h) /lern —teokjbs/ /bet—bffik/ /Iplenti—iplffltfo:m/ /fiej-flffij/ (b) /ant—Unda/ /had—Hundred/
/ban— IbAtn/ /Iak-Uk/ /Iklasiz— IbAsiz/ (c) /Imaval — 1øëø/ /l<tf—IIavIi/ /past —IpAzhrj/ /'makit—òëä/ /last—Ïëïàýï/ (e) /fanld —1ëÇýã/ /Imasta — ImAgki /Istatid — IsUdi/ /lldlt
/last—l (g) /frans—frAnt/ /lhabaz—IrjAndnd/ /adlvccntids—al Üëëã/ /haf—tut/ /post—bAt/ (i) /stffl—stAn/ /kamt—êëò/ /had—Jut/ /Itccgit—|tApans/ /mask —inAst/
15. /bid-bed-bffid/ 16. /ý:1-ç:1—Jffil/ [Control Tasks p. 57 2. The allophones of the It! phoneme are for example: labialized in: rockr roof, rook, raw; devoiced in: present, practice, problem, protract; affricated in: tree, trim, troop, try, drain, dry, drop, draw; single tap in; throw, throng, threepence, thrust. 3. As a result of palatalization in the Russian language consonants alwy 4, The examples may, for instance, be as follows: complementary distribu Exercises p. 62 1. Work of the vocal cords: voiceless fortis vs. voiced lenis: pin—bin, pack—back, pie—bye, tie—die. Ø Active organ of speech and the place of articulation; labial, bHabial vs. Singual forelingual apical alveolar; pen — ten, been—dean; labial bilabial vs. lingual backlingual: pole—coal, bait—gait; labial, labio-dental vs. labial bilabial: fee—we, felt — well; labial, labio-dental vs. pharyngal:/ee— he; lingual,»forelingual apical vs. lingual forelingual cacuminal: sob—rob, seal — real,.■sole—role, sip — rip, sight — right. Manner of noise production: occlusive vs. constrictive: pity — city, pay — say, pall — sail, pole—sole, peel — seal. Voice or noise prevalence: occlusive noise (plosives) vs. occlusive sonorants i(nasal): pine—mine, debt — net, kick — Nick; constructive noise (fricatives) vs. •constrictive sonorants: fell—well, those—rose, soul — role, sip — rip, sight—right. The number of noise producing foci: unicentral vs. bicentral: fell — well, fee—we. The shape of the narrowing; constrictive with a flat narrowing vs. constric- i ive with a round narrowing: fail — sail, fee — see, foot — soot, fat — sat, fell—sell- 3. fa) The force of articulation rather than the presence and absence of (b) Manner or noise production: occlusive /p/ vs. constrictive HI, It — s/, Active organ of speech: bilabial /p/ vs. backlingual /k/, backlingual /k/ vs. forelingual apical /t/. (c) Manner of noise production: occlusive /t/ vs. occlusive-constrictive /t|Y (d) Place of articulation and the nurober of foci: interdental /6/ vs. apical Manner of noise production: plosive /t/ vs. constrictive /3/. (e) Position of the soft palate: oral noise /b/ vs. nasal sonorant /m/, or /d/ 4. The sub-minimal pairs: marry — measure, genre — jar, teasure — Control Tasks p. 63 1. (a) man — nap, coming — cunning, seem — seen; (b) wield — yield, 2. (a) less — yes, drew — due, clue — cue, rung — young; (b) tame — 3. (a) pine — fine, bee — thee, came — lame; (b) fare — chair, work — 5. /I, r, j/ after /p/ are devoiced; after /t/ the position of the tongue for hi Exercises pi 67 1. (à) /â—æ/. Both are back vowels, but /13/ is an open vowel of broad variation and /a:/ is a mid vowel of broad variation. (b) /e—se/. Both vowels are front, but /e/ is a mid-open vowel of narrow (c) /9: — d:/, /3:/ belongs to the group of central mid-open vowels of narrow (d) /ø— u/, Both vowels belong to the group of back high vowels, but /ø/ (e) /se—ei/, /åå/1 is a frönt open vowel o! broad variation. The nucleus of the diphthong /ei/ is /e/ which is a front mid-open vowel of narrow variation. m /ÿ—ýè/. /î:/ is a raid fully back vowel of broad variation. The nucleus of the diphthong /ýé/ is a central mid-open vowel. 3. (à) /è—ai/, /ýé—àè/; (b) /â—åý/ 4. The phonemes /fc,ei, ac.a:/ in the first row of each column are the longest, 5. Stability of articulation. Control Tasks p. 68 1. (a) /t—e—a/ bead—bed—bad, deed —dead—dad; (b) /àã —ý:—a/ 2. cart—card Boz—bars don—down 3. {a) known — noun, phoned — found, hay — high, bay — buy, no — (b) hear — hair, beer — bear, ear — air, fear — fair, rear — rare, tear — tear Exercises p. 74 5. (a) kJ:p, ipi-siz, Itl-ffaz, Ipfcpl, Iparpas, Iksitn, ta:nd, lka:li, k<t, kxts,. (b) til, kist, tin, Ipiti, Ipeni, tel, Items, Ipendsltan, Iksempes, Iksembnan, (c) spent, stei, staun, IstAdi, stik, Istatid, (splendid, ifcslprerrans, iks'tensivh, 6. Iptpl, pet, Ipa:msn3nt', Ittiq; kamp, Ikitjan; Ibiljsdz; Iditarsnt, aildia; get, ipsigativ, lepildemik; lkEeps]u:Iz; bed; ibeta; Idifrant lpi:siz, pens, Ipeitferz; Itventi, Isikslttn, Itainirj; Ikeafli; beidz, big, (Anbilltvablr Idifrsnt, daunt; Iginrz, Igivirj, gauz Ipiisiz, nlpead, Ipaipss; tiez, teik, te:nd; btn, big, bed, bsek, Üýè8; aildia, dilsaidid, Ididnt, dei; get, gest, geilz, Igsuirj Iptktjg, (ptanad, ikslpekt, pee; Kifttfcn, misted, Icttsst*, ktp, Ibaskit, vslkeijent pirjk, ikslpranans, Ipe^i, peitj tin, Iwnntid, teik, ternd; Idrinkirj, keim,. Iksandid, lfce:li; btri, Ibiikan, bit, basd, Iba'.tn; kanldi^gn, Inwdid, aildra; giv, get, ga:Iz islpejeli, Ipsetan; stil, pölteiteuz, Itjielip; kbp, glkeisenl, kaen, lukfupai; bt,. IJugabM, Ibakbaun; dt; dra, imAdi, da-.t; givz, Uuggast, Iregiulö ÛðÛù, peid, Ipjurplz, Ip3:fikt; t!:tj\ stik,- ltju;zdi, tiaz; ki:p, llukirj, Iksrid3, keuld; bt, albeid, bask, baut; mldfcd, Idim, ldju;h, deit; Igivn, gest, algen,.algaU' Iptenin, pit, nlpeid, Ipaesmd33; stif, Isiti, greulteak, ta:nz; ktp, Ibreikin, kserid3, ksuld; Ibbin, best, bsek; 1Üç:1ýè; di:l, Iditiz, die, ded; tgetirj, geiv, gaui 7. Ihffipi, Iliikap,' IkAbad, |nju(:)lmaunJ8, 1àù, 1ð1ëòý, bum, Itpmas, Exercises p. 77 6. jan—jAn. ïðÿæà—ìîëîäîé 1êëù1ò— 1êëòù ïðèõîäèòü—ïðèõîä sah—ÿë î ñîëíöå—ïðîïåòûé klfcn — klm ÷èñòûé—ïðèëèïàòü inutlBirj — 1ïëØä íå âåùü—íè÷òî (äýÛãï— Igauirj âõîäèòü — îòúåçä ýèï— 1ýøä ñîáñòâåííûé—äîëã sein — IseiiQ íîðìàëüíûé—ïîñëîâèöà < brerk/in — I breikrg âðûâàòüñÿ—òîðìîæåíèå Uuklm—llukirj áûñòðûé âçãëÿä—ñìîòðÿùèé 6. brig, 1ëëã, 'iggland, IJAgga, Iem8in els, lnA6irj av 9a' Ikamd, Iwihrjli, 7. Iraitirj, frtdirj, Igamrj, gtm, wen, sAg, Íàëääï, sAk, Btrj, Öifc, ihaerja, Exercises p. 84 4. thin — sin òîíêèé — ãðåõ thick — sick òîëñòûé —> áîëüíîé thought — sought äóìàë — èñêàë Forth — force âïåðåä — ñèëà mouth — mouse ðîò — ìûøü thumb — some áîëüøîé ïàëåö — êàêîé-íèáóäü worth — worse öåííîñòü — õóäøèé thick — tick òîëñòûé — òèêàòü thought — taught äóìàë — ó÷èë three — tree òðè — äåðåâî seethe — seize êèïåòü — õâàòàòü lathe — laze òîêàðíûé ñòàíîê — áåçäåëüå then — den òîãäà — ëîãîâî though — dough õîòÿ — òåñòî seethe — seed — ñìÿòåíèå — ñåìÿ heath — heat ïóñòîøü — æàðà both — boat îáà — ëîäêà forth — fought âïåðåä — áîðîëñÿ clothe — close îäåâàòü — çàêðûâàòü breathe — breeze äûøàòü — áðèç there — dare òàì — âèçîâ other — udder äðóãîé — âûìÿ worthy — wordy äîñòîéíûé — ìíîãîñëîâíûé months ìåñÿöû Íå íàøëè, ÷òî èñêàëè? Âîñïîëüçóéòåñü ïîèñêîì:
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