Comparative Chart of Vowel Phonemes in Canadian English, General American and RP 4 страница

HIATUS /hai'eitas/ — combination of two vowels which belong to differ­ent syllables, For example: doirtg/'dmrj/ — internal hiatus, to order /tu 'o:ds/ — external hiatus.

HIEROGLYPH /'haiaraghf] — a written sign which may be equivalent to a sound, syllable, or a whole notion.

HIGH-PJTCHED SOUND /'hai 'pitjt 'saund/ — a sound, which is high in tone.

HIGH POSITION OF THE TONGUE /'hai ps'zijan sv öa 'tArj/—the position when the dorsum and the front part of the tongue are raised high to the roof of the mouth, but not so high as to produce an audible friction. High narrow vowels /'hai 'nasrau 'vauslz/ /!:, и, ы, у/ are pronounced with the bulk of the tongue raised more higher than for /i, u/, which also belong to the group of high vowels but to their broad variety.

HIGH SPEED X-RAY PHOTOGRAPHY /'hai 'spM 'eks'rei ШтэдгэЫ -one of the methods used in experimental phonetics, wnich consists in the pho­tography of X-rayed organs of speech in the process of articulation,

HISS /his/ — noise produced when the air passes through a round narrow­ing and produces hissing noise. The sounds /s, J¹/ are hissing consonants.

HISTORICAL ASSIMILATION /his'tunksl a^imi'leijen/ — sound chang­es, which are the result of the historical development of the language.

HISTORICAL PHONETICS /his'tunkalГ fau'netiks/ - that branch of phonetics, which studies phonetic components on the diachronic level; it is a part of the history of a language, which studies the history of the development of the phonetic laws,

HOLD /hsuld/ — the second stage of a single sound articulation (retention, central, medial stage).

HOMOGENEITY /_#hum9d3&'nhti/ — articulatory similarity of two ■sounds, which is based on similar articulatory work of the speech organs. The

sounds /p, b/ are homogeneous because they are both plosive and bilabial noise consonants.

HOMOGRAPHS /'hnmagrcufs/ — words'.that are similar in orthography but different in pronunciation and meaning^ For example: tear /tea/ разры­вать and tear /tia/ слеза.

HOMOPHONES /'hnmafaunz/ — words that are similar in pronunciation but different in orthography and meaning. For example: air — hair воздух — волосы; buy — bye покупать — что-л. маловажное; knight — night рыцарь — ночь; not — knot нет — узел; or — ore либо — руда.

HYPHEN /'haifan/ — a graphic sign which serves to show syllabic bound­ary.

IDEOGRAM /'idja(u)graem/ — 1. a symbol or a picture which represents and conveys an idea of an object without using its name, for example: a numeri­cal or a pictorial road sign; 2. a symbol representing a word, but not the sounds which constitute it.

IDIOLECT /'idraulekt/ — the individual speech of a member of a language community.

IDIOPHONE /,idia'foun/ — one and the same speech sound which is pro­nounced differently in different idiolects.

IMPEDE /im'plid/ — hinder or bar (articulation, a stream of air, etc.).

IMPLOSION /im'plsu3an/ — the first stage of a single plosive Sound articulation.

INALIENABLE (INDISPENSABLE, CONCOMITANT) FEATURES /m-'eiljanabl,,irtdis'pensebl, kan'komitant 'ffctjW — these features are always present in all the allophones of a phoneme, e.g. two foci in /J, 3, w, 1/ articula­tion, lip rounding in /us/ articulation. They may be distinctively relevant and irrelevant, e.g. seem vs. theme, /s—9/ are opposed due to the flat, round narrow* ing difference, in same vs. fame the shape of the narrowing is irrelevant, /s—f/ are opposed due to the place of articulation difference.

INHALATION /jinha'leijW — breathing the air in.

INITIAL PHASE /t'ntXal 'feiz/ — the first phase of a sound articulation. - INSTRUMENTAL PHONETICS /,mstru'mentl fau'netiks/ — different techniques and devices used In experimental phonetics.

INTERALLOPtfON 1С ALTERNATION /^rintergle'ieunik,oiIt9:'iHH,ren/ — alternation between different allophones of one and the same phoneme, e.g. /n/ alveolar alternates with /n/ dentaf In nine — ninth.

INTERCOMMUNICATION /'intako.mjuaii'keijW — giving or passing information by means of oral speech.

INTERDENTAL ARTICULATION /.mta'dentl o.-,tikj4i'leijW — artic­ulation characterized by the interdental position of the tip of the tongue in articulating/9, 5/. In speech these sounds are often pronounced as dental, with the tip of the tongue placed behind the upper teeth.

INTERIDIOLECTAL PHONETIC VARIATIONS /⁷inta(:),idiau'Iekt9l fau'netik jVsan'etJsnz/ — variations in the pronunciation of one and the same phoneme, word of sentence in the same phonetic context and the same style of speech by different speakers of the language.

INTERMITTENT CLOSURE /_;Tnta'mitent 'к!эиза/ - this type of clo­sure is formed when the tip of the tongue is rapidly tapping against the teeth­ridge as in the articulation of trilled, or rolled /p/.

INTERPHONEMIC ALTERNATION /.mtefau'niimik /»Its:'net Jan/ -> alternation between different phonemes, which are represented by their differ­ent ailophones, e.g. /as/ alternates with /e/ in man — men.

INTONATION /,tnteu'neif9n/ — a component of the phonetic structure which is viewed in the narrow meaning as pitch variations, or speech melody. It manifests itself in the del imitative function within a sentence and at its end; see PROSODIC FEATURES.

INTONATION GROUP /.mteu'neijen 'amp/ — an actualized sensa group.

INTONEME /'rnbtmfcnt/ — a phonological unit created by two or more

components of intonation, or by a combination of various types of tonemes or accenteraes, e.g. What difficulty? What difficulty/ These two sentences are pro­nounced with two different intonemes.

INTRAIDIOLECTAL PHONETIC VARIATIONS /'intra,idiau'Iektel fau'netik /vsan'eijanz/ — variations In the pronunciation of one and the same speaker, i.e. within one and the same idiolect. They are of two types: free va­riations and those conditioned by different styles of pronunciation — stylistic Variations.

INTRUSIVE SOUNDS /m'trissiv 'saundz/ — alien to the word. For example: /'himpjudant/ instead of /'impjudant/; /'pleijirj/ instead of /'plenrj/; (''dra-msr and 'mjuszik/ instead of /'drcuma and 'mjttzik/.

INVENTORY OF PHONEMES /'mventn av 'feuntmz/ — in the English language the inventory of segmental phonemes consists of 25 consonant and 21 vowel phonemes. In the Russian language there are 36 consonant and 6 vowel phonemes.

IRRELEVANT FEATURES /I'reltveni 'tttfez/ — different articulatory and acoustic features of speech sounds, which do not make them allophones of different phonemes, e.g, partial devoicing of terminal voiced consonants, varia­tion in the positional length of vowels.

JAWBREAKER /'dä^brerka/ — a word, which is difficult to pronounce.

JAWS /d3o;z/ — parts of the mouth, which bear teeth and by means of which the mouth can be opened and closed.

JONES' VOWEL TRAPEZIUM /'d39Unzi2 'vaugl tra'pfczjam/ — Jones* system of vowels based on 8 cardinaljpoints of articulation; see CARDINAL VOWELS.

JUNCTION /'d^rjkjen/ — the joining of two sounds or words.

JUNCTURE /'ДзлпЩэ/ — the place, where two sounds.or words are joined together,

JUNCTURE PHONEME /'ctäArjktfa 'bunfcm/ — the syllabic boundary at the junction of words or morphemes that can be characterized by distinctive difference, e.g. a name — an aim. Open or plus juncture is marked by /+/: a + name, an -f- aim

К

KINETIC /kai'netik/ — relating to motion, producing motion. KYMOGRAPH /'kaimagra-f/ — the apparatus used to record speech sounds graphically. Kymograms help to ascertain the quality of various sounds

L

LABIAL /'Ieibial/ — relating to the lips.

LABIAL SOUNDS /'leibial ^?saundz/ — articulated by the Hps. For ex­ample: /p, b/.

LABIALIZATION /,Ieibiatai'zeijW — Up rounding.

LABIALIZED VOWELS /'leibialaizd 'vaugla/ — vowels produced with a more or lessJip rounding. For example: /о, у, №,», ■», u/.

LARYNGEAL /,lserin'азЫ, 1д'пп^э1/ - of or pertaining to the larynx.

LARYNGOSCOPE /U'ringaskaup/ -- laryngeal mirror, which helps to

LATERAL SOUNDS
ch the air passages (or j
... the same time the con¹.«»..,_{e Ul[},_uc
the teethridge as In /I/ articulation. ' "

LAW OF CONDITIONED ALLOPHONIC SIMILARITY /'la av ken'di-Jand,sels fünik jSimi'lsenti/ — two more or less similar sounds, which are at

the same time more or less different, are allophones of the same phoneme, if their difference is due to non-distinctive factors.

LAW OF GREAT PHONEMIC DISSIMILARITY /'lar. av 'greit fau'nimik jdisimi'lsnti/ — entirely different sounds such as a vowel and a consonant cannot be allophones of the same phoneme.

LAWS OF PHONEMIC AND ALLOPHONIC DISTRIBUTION /'bz sv fau'nfcmik and,aela'fiomk,distn'bju:j3ri/ — 1. if different speech sounds occur in the same phonetic context', they are allophones of different phonemes; 2. if similar speech sounds occur in different positions and never occur in the same phonetic context, they are variants of one and the same phoneme.

LAX VOWELS /'lseks 'vauslz/ — vowels in the articulation of which the muscular tension of the tongue, lips, and the walls of the resonating cavities is not so great as in the articulation of tense vowels. Compare: /i, u, ю/ and /t_f u, o:/.

LENGTH OF THE SOUND /'Ierj9 av 8э 'saund/ — length of the sound; waves in the articulation of a sound.

LENIS /'Itais/ (pi. LENES /'li:ni:z/) — pronounced with weak articula­tion: /b, d, z, 9, v, Ö, 3, 03/.

LENITION /li'mjan/ — gradual weakening in the articulation, LESSEN /'lesn/ — to make less. For example, lessen the length, lotidness or tension of sounds.

LETTERS /'letsz/ — printed or written symbols of an alphabet used in representing speech sounds.

LEVEL TONE /'levl 'tsim/ — tone neutral in its communicative function,. which is used mostly in poetry.

LIAISON /lfc'eizurj/ — in the English language cases of liaison are the "intrusive" /r/ or the pronunciation of In/ in an indefinite article when it is fol­lowed by a vowel: an apple /an 'sepl/.

LIGHT /lait/ — in phonetics this term Is equivalent to clear. LINGUAL /'hrjgwal/ — articulated with the help of the tongue. For example, It! is a lingual sound because it is articulated with the tip of the tongue pressed against the teethridge.

LINGUAPHONE /'hngwsfaun/ — having to do with teaching languages-with the help of phonetics.

LINGUAPHONE CLASS /'lirjgwafaun 'klcus/ — class equipped with mag­netic tape recorders, gramophones and earphones used for listening and repro­ducing foreign texts.

LINGUISTIC FUNCTIONS /hrj'gwistik 'Unkjanz/ - in phonetics they are connected with phonemic, significative properties of sound, syllable, stress, and intonation.

LIP POSITIONS /'lip pa'zijanz/ — different positions of Hps, which change the articulation of sounds and their tamber. The main positions of the lips are: rounded, as in Ы articulation, unrounded, as in hi articulation, protruded, as in /y/ articulation, non-protruded as in /e/ articulation, spread as in /i=/ ar­ticulation, neutral as in /э/ articulation.

* LIPS /lips/ — two muscular folds bordering the mouth; in articulatory phonetics referred to as "upper" and "lower lip".

LIQUID CONSONANTS /'Iikwrd 'ktmssnants/ — some phoneticians use.this term to characterize the sounds /3, r/.

LISP /hsp/ — to pronounce /8/ instead of /s/ and /Ö/ instead of /z/. LITERARY PRONUNCIATION /'htaren pr©,r»Ansi'eiJen/: RP PRO­NUNCIATION (RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION) or PUBLIC SCHOOL PRO­NUNCIATION — the pronunciation of educated people in Southern England. LOCAL DIFFERENCES /'Isukel 'difarsnsiz/ — dialectal differences im the pronunciation of the same sounds or words.

LOGICAL STRESS l'lvdßiksl 'stres/ — the singling out of the word, which seems to be most important in the sentence.

LOGOGRAM /Чюдэдгэет/ — an arbitrary symbol (in shorthand, for in­stance) representing a complete word.

LOGOPAEDIC //bgeWptdik/ - having to do with the correction of speech defects.

LOGOPAEDICS /,kig3(u)'pl:diks/ — a branch of phonetics, which studies speech defects and the ways of correcting them.

LONG VOWELS /'1гц 'vaualz/ — in English they are /I:, се, а, з:, ml.

LOOSE NEXUS /'Ins 'neksas/ — loose connection between a long monoph­thong or a diphthong and a consonant which follows it. For example: /t -j-z/ an the word bees,

LOOSE TRANSITION /'lus tr«en'si3an/ — articulation of two neighbour­ing sounds -when the final stage of the first sound is not affected by the initial stage of the second sound, e.g. /'aisbwg/ compare with the Russian [збор] — «lose transition.

LOSS /Ids/ — in phonetics it is absence of some articulatory work. Loss <of plosion, sound, etc., e.g. act — loss of plosion in /k/.

LOUD /laud/ — producing a powerful stimulus on the ear.

LOUDSPEAKER /'laudspfcka/ — a device that converts electrical impulses into sounds loud enough to be heard some distance away,

LOWER TEETH, LIP, JAW /'1эиэ 'ti:9, 'lip. '(&:/ — all these organs are ■more active and important in the process of articulation than the upper jaw, lip, teeth.

LOW LEVEL TONE /'lau 'levl 'taun/ — characterizes unstressed but prominent syllables of parenthetic groups or long tails.

LOW-NARROW VOWELS /'1эи 'паэгэи 'vaualz/ — these vowels are

Л, О:/.

LOW PITCH /'1эи 'pitj¹/ — low tone. It is usually used in the narrow range <of tone-pitch.

LOW VOWELS /'1эи 'vaualz/ — vowels pronounced with the low position •of the bulk of the tongue. For example: /as, ъ, ге, л,о.-/./л, к/ belong to low vow­els of narrow variety, /se, a(i, и), си, u/ belong to low vowels of broad variety. /eb, a(i, u)/ are low front vowels, /л, о:, си, W are low back vowels.

. LUNGS /Unz/ — the source of the air stream that makes it possible to produce sounds. The latter also regulate the force of the air pressure and produce ■vibrations in the intensity of speech sounds.

M

MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDER /mseg'netik 'teip n'tada/ — the appa­ratus that converts sounds into electrical signals and then into variations in ihe magnetization of a wire or tape of magnetic material. A similar system has been devised for operation with a television camera, recording television pic­tures as magnetic information which may be used later to reproduce the images «(videotape).

MEDIA /'mirdjs/ tot. MEDIAE) /'medjls/ see LENIS.

MEDIAL./'mfcdjsl/ — passing through the middle of the air-passage.

MEDIAL SONANTS /Wdjal 'sounants/ — sounds articulated with the air-passage through the middle part of the tongue. For example: /w, r. j/.

MEDIOLINGUAL CONSONANTS /'mi:dJ9(u)hna.wal 'k«nsanants/ — con­
sonants articulated with the help of the middle part of the tongue. To this group
belong English /J/ and Russian /й/,,.

MELODY /'metsdi/ — changes in the voice pitch in the process of speech.

MEMBERS OF A PHONEME /'membaz av a 'feunfera/ - positional and •combinatory allophones belonging to the "family of one and the same sound ■{D, Jones),

MERGING OF STAGES /'ma:d3in av 'steicfeiz/ - coincidence of the last
■stage of the first sound in the articulation of a word with the first stage of the
-second sound. Merging of stages usually takes place when sounds of a different
•nature are joined, for example /I + i + t/ in the word lit.,,,.

METHOD OF MINIMAL PAIRS /'meOad av 'minimal 'psez/ - the dis­covery of as many pairs of words as possible, that differ in one phoneme. It is based on the substitution of one sound for another, commutation.

METHOD OF DISTINCTIVE OPPOSITIONS Z'meGad av dis'tinktiv

'J'/ thi thd b t h hti diffnce

METHODS OF PHONETIC ANALYSIS /'meÖadz av fau'netik a'nssh-
sis/ — different methods used in the stujJy and investigation of different pho­
netic -phenomena. '

METRONOME /'metranaum/ -/a clockwork device with a moving; audible indicator, which can be regulated to different speeds and used to mark-equal periods. It is used in phonetics to teach rhythm.

MICROPHONE /'maikrsfatm/ — an instrument, which amplifies and transmits sounds.

MID /mid/ — neither high nor low position of the bulk of the tongue when, it moves in the vertical direction. In Jones' classification mid corresponds ta hall-close and half-open. Mid vowels are: /e, з:, э, э(и), е(э}/.

MID BACK VOWELS /'mid 'Ьгек 'vauslz/ — the nucleus of the diphthong, /ou/ and the Russian /of.

MID CENTRAL VOWELS /'mid 'sentral 'yaualz/ — Ы and /a/ in'the-terminology given by British phoneticians. Russian authorities define them as-mid, mixed.

MID FRONT VOWELS /'mid 'frjint 'vau₉lz/ - /e/, the first element o£ the diphthong /еэ/ and the Russian /э/.

MID NARROW VOWELS /'mid 'n«rau 'vauslz/ — /e/, Ы and the first element of the diphthongs /эй/ and le.il.

MID WIDE VOWELS /'mid 'waid 'vaualz/ — /э/ and the first element of the diphthong /е(э)/.

MIDDLE PART OF THE TONGUE /'midl 'pcut av бэ 'tAn/ — the centrar part of the dorsum of the tongue which is opposite the hard palate. It lies be­tween the blade and the back of the tongue. This term is widely used in our ter­minology. The middle of the tongue plays an important role in the process of. palatalization. In the terminology given by some foreign phoneticians the term "middle" is used in reference to the border between the predorsal (that is front> and dorsal (that is middle and back) part of the tongue; according to their ter­minology the middle part of the tongue corresponds to the term "front part of the tongue",

MIDDLE PHASE /'midl 'feiz/ —the second phase of articulation, or the hold-

MINIMAL DISTINCTIONS /'minimal disMinkj-gnz/ - the smallest dif­ferences, that help to recognize and differentiate words.

MINIMAL PAIR /'minimal 'pea/ — a pair the distinctive differences between the members of which are based upon one distinctive difference. The pair pill — bill is minimal, because its members are differentiated due to /p — b/ phonemes, their fortis /p/ — lenis 1Ы distinctions.

MISPRONOUNCE /'mispra'nauns/ — to pronounce sounds or words with-, mistakes.

MISTAKES IN PRONUNCIATION /mis'teiks in prs,nAnsr'eiJan/ — dif­ferent deviations from the teaching norm in the pronunciation of a foreign lan­guage. Academician L. V. Shcherba suggested that mistakes should be divided into 1. phonological (altering the meaning of words) and 2, non-phonological, (that do not affect the meaning of words).

MIXED VOWELS — G. P. Torsuyev defines them in the following way: «тело языка приподнято, причем вся спинка языка лежит максимально-плоско». They are /з;, э/.

MODIFICATIONS IN CONTEXT /jmudifi'keifanz in 'ktsntekst/ — sound' changes in context. Positional and combinatory modifications of phonemes in. connected speech,

_t MONOPHTHONG /'тттвГввп/ — a vowel sound in the articulation oi^: which the articulating organs are more or less stable, which results In the sta­tionary nature of the vowel, English monophthongs are /i, e, аэ, си, ъ, <$, u, л,, з:, а/.

MONOPHTHONGIZE /'mtinafe-ongaiz/ — to acquire equal quality. _ MONOSYLLABISM /'muna'silabizm/ — linguistic phenomenon character­ized by monosyllables. Monosyllabism is characteristic of the English language..

MONOSYLLABLE /'imma'silebl/ — a word consisting of one syllable..

MONOTONE /'munatsun/ — equal tone, lacking the necessary variations in the voice pitch.

MONOTONOUS /ma'ntitsnas/ — pronounced with equal tone.

MORA /'more/ (pi. MORAE I'vmti) — the length of one short syllable
■which was considered the unit of length in the antique versification; so the
length of a long syllable was equal to two rooras.....

MORPHOGRAPH /'mafsgraf/ — separate graphemic unit which is a graphemic reflex of a morpheme.

MORPHOPHONOLOGY /.nrafufs'nulafei/ — this branch of phonology studies the distribution of morphologically correlated sounds in order to es­tablish their phonemic status.

t MOUTH /mau6/ — the cavity in the head containing the teeth, the tongue and the palate with the uvula.

* MOUTH CAVITY /'mau8 'kseviti/— the cavity between the teeth and
the pharynx,,

MOUTHPIECE /'mauOpiis/ — the part of the kymograph which is applied
to the mouth. •,

MOVABLE ORGANS OF SPEECH /'nravabl 'tcgenz av 'spfctf/— the or­gans of speech that move during articulation: the lips, the lower jaw, the tongue, the soft palate with the uvula, the back wall of the pharynx.

MURMUR /'ma:ma/ — soft speech, sometimes indistinct.

MURMURED VOWELS /'m₈:mad 'vaualz/ — obscure vowels.

MUTATION /mju:'teijan/ — umlaut.

MUTE LETTERS /'mjwt 'letez/ — letters, or letter combinations which are not pronounced, but remain in words due to traditional spelling rules.

MUTUAL ASSIMILATION /'mjtttfual s^imi'leijen/ — bilateral assimi­lation, when two assimilating sounds equally influence each other. For example, bilateral assimilation of /s/ + /J/ results in /J/: issue /'isju — '1Ш — 'iW.

MUTUALLY DISTINCTIVE SOUNDS /'mJtrtjiiBli dis'tinktiv 'saundz/ -the sounds that belong to different phonemes and are realizations, variants or allophones of different phonemes, e.g. /b, p/ in park — bark, r i

MYOKINETIC ANALYSIS /'maie(u)kai'nefik e'nehsis/—'a complex of. different analyses that are carried out to study muscular — kinetic work of speech organs,

N

NARROW /'naersu/ — the variety of high, mid, and low positions of the bulk of the tongue when it moves in the vertical direction. See HIGH-NARROW, MID-NARROW, LOW-NARROW.

NARROW PASSAGE /'гш-au 'pjesKb/ — the term is conventional and
characterizes the state of the passage for the flow of air in the articulation of
vowels or consonants. For example, the air passage is narrow in 1Ы articulation
and it is also narrow in /s/ articulation. _.„,

NARROW RANGE /'пазгэи 'reindg/ (see WIDE RANGE, MEDIUM
RANGE) — if the range of the voice pitch is represented by two horizontal
parallel lines 10 mm wide, then the head syllable of the) wide range utterance
will be arbitrarily represented by a dash 2 mm from the top range line. The
head syllable of the narrow range will be repreaenied by a dash 2 mm frcm
the bottom range line. The head syllable of medium range will be represented
by a dash 6 mm from the bottom range line.,

NARROW TRANSCRIPTION /'шегеи,tr sens'Imp jW — the system of transcription signs into which additional symbols are included which corres­pond to allophones of seme phonemes.

NARROWING /'nserauin/ — a passage of small width or length. Narrow-ings can be formed by the lips, or the tongue and the palate (its front, mid or back part).

NARROWING THE RANGE /'nasreuin 8в 'renufe/ — characterizes em­phatic speech which is uttered within the limits of narrow range.

NASAL CAVITY /'neizl 'ksaviti/ — immovable cavity inside the nose and the nasopharynx; it is separated from the mouth cavity by the upper jaw with the teethridge and the palate,

NASAL SONANTS /'neizl 'saunents/ — they are articulated with the blocked passage for the flow of air through the mouth cavity. This is effected by lowering the soft palate. Nasal sonants are Im, a, rj/,

NASAL PHARYNX /'neizl 'faenrjks/ (nasopharynx) — the upper part of the pharynx 4 cm long. It is situated above the soft palate.

NASAL PLOSION /'neizl 'рЬизэпА — plosion formed when the soft pal­ate is separated from the back wall of the nasal pharynx and the air quickly escapes through the nasal cavity; it takes place in the combinations like /tn, dn/.

NASAL TWANG /'ne:zl 'twserj/ is characteristic of American pronuncia­tion and results from the laxness of the soft palate which does not cover the nasal cavity completely and the air escapes partly through the narrowing formed.

NASAL VOWELS /'neizl 'vaualz/ — vowels articulated when the flow of air is directed from the lungs both through the mouth and the nasal cavity. Nasal vowels exist in the French language.

NASALIZATION /,neiatai'zeijan/ — nasal twang.

NEIGHBOURING SOUND /'neibanrj 'saund/ — adjacent sound, that ■which follows.

NEUTRAL POSITION /'njistrsl pa'zijgn/ — the position when the tongue is equally removed from front, back, high, and low positions.

NEUTRAL VOWEL /'njutral 'vaual/ — a mixed vowel of mid-open po­sition, broad variety — /э/.

NEUTRALIZATION /(njictralai'zeij'an/ — the loss of qualitative and tembral characteristics of vowel sounds in unstressed positions.

NEXUS /'neksas/ — articulatory dependence between a vowel and conso­nant. See CLOSE NEXUS, LOOSE NEXUS.

NOISE /noiz/ — characterizes consonants, which are formed when the flow of air passes through a narrowing and produces audible friction. Voiceless con­sonants are "pure" noises, and voiced consonants are a combination of noise and voice, produced by the vocal cords, which are drawn together and vibrate.

NON-DISTINCTIVE SPEECH SOUNDS /'nmdis'tirjktiv 'spttf 'saundz/ — similar sounds which occur in different positions and are incapable of being opposed to each other in minimal pairs, e.g. /k/ in cool, school, looked.

NON-FINAL /'non'faml/ — not terminal, followed by a sound, a word, a group of words.

NUCLEAR TONE /'nju&lia Чэип/ — the tone associated with the nucleus of a sense-group is a nuclear tone. In RP they are the following: the high falling, the low falling, the high rising, the low rising, the rising-falling, the falling-rising, the rising-falling-rising, the level tone.

NUCLEUS OF A DIPHTHONG /'njtckhas 9V э 'dif8ürj/ (pl. NUCLEI /'njakliai/) — that part of the diphthong, which is more prominent. For ex­ample, the nuclei of /ai, ei/ are /a, e/.

NUCLEUS OF A SENSE-GROUP /'njuklias av a 'sens'gricp/ — the last stressed syllable of a sense-group.

OBSOLETE /'ubsalfct/ — not used nowadays.

OBSTRUCTION /ab'strAkJan/ ~ in articulation it is either a narrowing (incomplete obstruction) or a complete closure of the speech organs (complete obstruction).

OCCLUSION /э'к1шзэп/ — a complete obstruction made by the speech organs, as in /p, t, k/.

OCCLUSIVE /o'klissiv/ — the sounds pronounced when the air on its way out breaks up a complete obstruction. Occluslve consonants are 1. /p, b, t, d, k, g/ — stop or plosives and 2. sonorants /m, n, n/ — nasals (see PLOSIVE CONSONANTS).

OCCURRENCE /s'kArans/ — frequency with which sounds, phonemes, or words are used,

OFF-GLIDE /'o:f,glaid/ — a short and not definite vowel, which is heard after terminal consonants (according to H. Sweet). Some authors consider that it is a neutral vowel, which is heard between sounds. For example: -ism /iz(9)m/.

ONSET /'unset/ — the first stage of a sound articulation (initial phase, excursion, first stage).

Orthographic syllable /^ee'gneftk 'siiebi/ - a unit into which

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