Syntactical SD with redundant elements

Asyndeton. Consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. In a list of items, asyndeton gives the effect of unpremeditated (преднамеренный) multiplicity, of an extemporaneous (импровизированный) rather than a labored account.

Asyndeton is a deliberate omission of conjunctions, cutting off connecting words. Helps to create the effect of terse, energetic, active prose. (V.A.Kucharenko). e.g. Soames turned away; he had an utter disinclination for talk, like one standing before an open grave, watching a coffin slowly lowered. (Galsworthy)

Polysyndeton. Is the use of conjunction between each word, phrase, or clause, and it thus structurally the opposite of asyndeton. The rhetorical effect of polysyndeton, however, often shares with that of asyndeton a feeling of multiplicity, energetic, enumeration and building up. Polysyndeton is a repeated use of conjunctions. Is to strengthen the idea of equal logical/emotive importance of connected sentences(V.A. Kucharenko). e.g. By the time he had got all the bottles and dishes and knives and forks and glasses and plates and spoons and things piled up on big trays, he was getting very hot, and red in the face, and annoyed. (A.Tolkien)

Anadiplosis (or catch repetition). Repeats the last word of one phrase, clause, or sentence at or very near the beginning of the text. It can be generated in series for the sake of beauty or to give a sense of logical progression (…a, a…). e.g.: Pleasure might cause her read, reading might make her know, …

Anaphora. Is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses or sentences, commonly in conjunctions with climax and with parallelism (a…, a…). e.g.: Slowly and grimly they advanced, not knowing what lay ahead, not knowing what they find at the top of the hill.

Epistrophe (also called antistrophe or epiphora). Forms the counterpart to anaphora, because the repetition of the same word or words comes at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences (…a, …a). e.g.: I wake up and I’m alone and I walk round Warley and I’m alone; and I talk with people and I’m alone and I look at his face when I’m home and it’s dead. (J.Braine)

Symploce. Combining anaphora and epiphora, so that one word or phrase is repeated at the beginning and another word or phrase is repeated at the end of successive phrases, clauses or sentences (a…b, a…b). Eg. To think clearly and rationally should be a major goal for man; but to think clearly and rationally is always the greatest difficulty faced by man.

Amplification. Involves repeating a word or expression while adding more detail to it, in order to emphasize what might otherwise be passed over. e.g.: Pride – boundless pride – is the bone of civilisation.

Prolepsis. Is the use of co-referential pronoun after a noun or a proper name. Typical of spontaneous speech. e.g.: John, he doesn’t like loud music.

Hypophora. Consists of raising one or more questions and then proceeding to answer them, usually at some length. A common usage is it ask the question at the beginning of a paragraph and then use that paragraph to answer it.

Rhetorical question (or erotesis). Differs from hypophora in that it is not answered by the writer, because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a ‘yes’ or ‘no’. It is used for effect, emphasis or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the facts at hand. e.g. For if we lose the ability to perceive our faults, what is the good of living on?

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