ТОР 5 статей: Методические подходы к анализу финансового состояния предприятия Проблема периодизации русской литературы ХХ века. Краткая характеристика второй половины ХХ века Характеристика шлифовальных кругов и ее маркировка Служебные части речи. Предлог. Союз. Частицы КАТЕГОРИИ:
|
VI. CIVIL ENGINEERING
consulting engineer инженер-консультант, эксперт deal - dealt – dealt with иметь дело с, рассматривать feasibility study технико-экономическое обоснование проекта site investigation инженерно-геологические изыскания
The word "engineering" means the art of designing, constructing or using engines. Engineering is often defined as making practical application of theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics. Many of the early branches of engineering were based not on science but on empirical information that depended on observation and experience. Engineering is divided into many branches. The most important of them are: civil, mechanical, military, electrical, marine, sanitary, mining and nuclear engineering. The term “civil engineering” was first used in the 18th century. While the definition "civil engineering" dates back only two centuries, the profession of a civil engineer is as old as civilized life. Up to about the middle of the 18th century there were two main branches of engineering - civil and military. Later there came a remarkable series of mechanical inventions¹, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy. It led to differentiation² of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering, etc. This growth in the number of branches was continuing with the development of aerospace, petroleum and electronic engineering. Architecture had become a profession by itself. In the oldest and widest sense³ the term "civil engineering" includes all non-military branches of engineering as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower sense, civil engineering includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical and mining engineering. Here are some fields of civil engineering: 1. Housing, agricultural and industrial construction. 2. Hydraulic engineering which includes the construction of dams and power plants. 3. The construction of pavements and highways. 4. The construction of railroads. 5. Structural engineering. 6. The construction of harbours and canals. The above enumeration will make clear the vast extent of the field of civil engineering. The functions of the civil engineer can be divided into three categories: those performed before construction (feasibility studies, site investigations and design), those performed during construction (dealing with clients, consulting engineers and contractors), and those performed after construction (maintenance and research). Notes: 1. изобретения в области механики; 2. это привело к разделению 3. в самом широком смысле
Не нашли, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском:
|