ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

1. challenge noun

1. something that needs a lot of skill, energy, and determination to deal with or achieve, especially something you have never done before and will enjoy doing:

I was bored with my job and felt I needed a new challenge.

meet a challenge (=deal with it successfully):

Is your publishing house ready to meet the enormous challenges that lie ahead

the challenge is to do something:

* "establishment" — the most important and powerful people in a country, who are often thought of as being conservative and wanting to preserve their own power and influence.

The challenge for young authors is to achieve literary growth without damaging their individual style.

face a challenge (= have to deal with one):

The journalists face the daunting challenge of completing the issue on time.

2. an action or idea that questions whether something is true, accurate, or legal:

He began a legal challenge to clear his name.

pose/present a challenge to something:

Recent discoveries pose a serious challenge to accepted views on the age of this manuscript.

a refusal to accept someone's authority:

challenge to: The strike was seen as a direct challenge to the authority of the government.

challenge verb

1. to question whether something is true, accurate, or legal: No one has challenged the theory that is described in the report. This decision is likely to be challenged by the publishers. challenge someone on something:

They're not likely to challenge us on any of the details. challenge someone to do something:

The publishing house challenged the young journalist to prove that his article was true to life.

2. to refuse to accept someone's authority:

The president has accused the provincial government of challenging his leadership.

3. to test someone's skill and abilities:

My present job doesn't really challenge me.

A problem that has intrigued and challenged me for many years.

2. reference noun

la comment that mentions something or someone:

make a/no reference to:

He politely made no reference to my lack of literary experienced.

passing reference (= a quick comment about something):

Her speech contained only a passing reference to the problems of children's writers.

the process of looking at something in order to get information: The sentences are numbered for ease of reference. used to describe books or places where you can find information: the reference section of the library.

3. a statement from someone who knows you or has worked with you that gives information about you. You often need to provide a reference when you apply for a new job:

4. a word or phrase that comes from a book or a poem: His writing is full of obscure literary references.

5. a writer or a piece of work that is mentioned in a piece of writing by someone else:

There was a long list of references at the end of the paper. with reference to (FORMAL)

used in a letter to introduce the subject that you are going to write about.

Reference book

a book that is intended to be used when you need a fact or piece of information, for example a dictionary

Reference library

a place containing a lot of reference books that you can read there but cannot take away

refer verb

The books are all right!. I wasn't referring to the books.

3. question verb

1. to ask someone questions formally or officially:

Witnesses are reminded of their duty to tell the truth when questioned in court. A hundred employers were questioned in the survey.

2. to have or express doubts about something:

, Some historians question the validity of oral data. question the wisdom/logic/merit of something: She was beginning to question the wisdom of publishing her work so quickly.

question someone's motives:

I don't think it's fair to question his motives.

questionable adj.

1.possibly not true, accurate, or complete:

The success of the novel seems highly questionable.

2.probably not good, honest, or worth admiring:

questionable behaviour/conduct/practices

questionable whether:

It is questionable whether we should publish these morally

dubious books.

questionably adv.

4. damage noun

1 physical harm caused to something so that it is broken, spoiled, or injured:

Mr Charlston surveyed the damage caused by the bulldozer. damage to: Damage to the building could take six months to repair. suffer damage: The house suffered only superficial damage in the fire.

la. emotional or mental harm caused to someone:

This kind of literature can do damage to children.

2] negative effects on someone or something:

untold damage (=damage that is impossible to measure):

This publication caused untold damage to his political reputation.

what's the damage? (HUMOROUS)

used for asking someone how much you have to pay them

damage verb

I.to harm something physically so that it is broken, spoiled, or injured:

badly/severely/seriously/extensively damage:

The house had been severely damaged by fire.

2.to have a negative effect on someone or something:

Reading pulp fiction could damage teenagers' literary taste.

damaging adj.

1. causing physical harm to something so that it is broken, spoiled, or injured.

damaging to: Reading in bed is damaging to your health.

2. having a negative effect on someone or something: Increased number of ephemeral books almost certainly have a

damaging effect on the readers' taste.

damaging for: The new tax laws could be very damaging for small publishing houses.

5. pivot noun

the most important thing that something is based on or depends on.

Tax reform has become the central pivot of their domestic policy.

She seemed to be revolving on a noisy, creaking pivot through the smoky air: Pivot is a central pin or spindle round which something turns or revolves.

pivot verb

to turn or balance on a central point, to turn around quickly on your feet.

She pivoted on her hill and left the room without a word.

pivotal adj.

extremely important and affecting how something develops:

A pivotal moment in the history of book-making.

He played a pivotal role in the negotiations.

A pivotal moment is something that determines the whole outcome of

a situation.

pivotal to: He sees these changes as pivotal to the development of literature.

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