Read the text below. For questions (21-32) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D). Write your answers on the separate answer sheet. An example (0) has been done for you.

Do Cows Point North?

By David Derbyshire, Environment Editor

If you're (0) A_ in the countryside without a compass, don't panic. Just look for a herd of

cows and see which way they are pointing.

After (21) ___ the behaviour of thousands of cattle, scientists have found that they tend to

face north after aligning themselves with the Earth's magnetic field.

The astonishing ability appears to be a (22) _____ of the days when the wild ancestors of today's domesticated cattle used inbuilt compasses to find their way across the plains of Africa, Asia and Europe on long (23)

Although cows are famed for their ability to (24) _______ rain hours advance, their talent for navigating has so far gone overlooked.

Dozens of species of animals use the Earth's magnetic field to navigate - including birds, turtles, termites and salmon. The ability is also (25) in some mammals including rats- and bats. Animals are thought to use (26) ______ magnets - made of crystals of magnetite - to find their way around. Homing pigeons, for instance, have a tiny blob of these crystals in their beaks. Dr Sabine Begall and colleagues from the University of Duisburg-Essen used Google Earth to find images of cattle in worldwide locations including Britain, Ireland, India and the U.S. They (27) ______ directly observed almost 3,000 deer in the Czech Republic. Their researches suggested that cattle were behaving in the same way as their close relatives, the deer.

(28) _______ the direction of the wind and sunlight varied hugely in the different locations, the scientists were able to rule out weather and the position of the sun as an explanation. "We conclude that the magnetic field is the only common and most likely factor responsible

(29) _______the observed alignment," the researchers wrote in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Gywn Jones, who (30) _______ kept dairy cattle for 25 years in West Sussex, confirmed: "They know what weather to (31) _______ in advance. Beef cattle will head up to higher altitudes if the weather is going to good. "My dairy cattle have their favourite fields where they go if it is going to be sunny.

"I let mine go in and out, and if it's (32) _______ to be wet they head inside. "In rough weather they like to have their backs to the wind. But I've not noticed a preference for facing north."

Daily Mail, Tuesday, August 26, 2008 8

Writing

TASK 1

Read the text below. Complete the text with the correct forms of the words in brackets. Write your answers on the separate answer sheet. An example (0) has been done for you.

A great place to visit all four seasons

In Norway, each season has (0)___ its __ (it) own special features and charm. The contrasts

are great and the scenery is ever-changing, year round. If you (33)_______ (to think) that Norway was a country only really suitable for summer holidays, then you are mistaken. The

Norwegians are just as active in the winter. In winter they swap their (34)________ (to hike)

boots for skis, their swimming costumes for classic knickerbockers. Did you see the broadcasts from the Winter Olympic Games in Lillehammer? Never before have so many people sat glued to

(35) _________ (they) TV screens as during those two weeks in February 1994. Never before

has such a successful winter Olympics been staged, and Norway was once and for all placed on the
map as (36) ________ (a, the) great winter nation.

Norway is a paradise for all (37) _______ (that) who enjoy messing about in the snow

in winter. Ski enthusiasts from all over Europe flock here. You can go skiing on the Olympic facilities in Lillehammer, where Alberto Tomba and Vegard Ulvang (38) _______ (to cheer) on by tens of thousands of spectators.

Whichever style of (39) ____________ (to ski) you prefer - slalom, cross-country,

snowboarding, freestyle or telemark - you can do it here. One thing we don't recommend, however, is ski jumping at Holmenkollen. Holmenkollen is the ski jump which (40) _________(Norwegian) consider to be the Mecca of the sport of skiing.

But before the white winter sets in, the autumn colours adorn the mountains and valleys of

Norway. The scenery bursts into an explosion of (41) ______ (red), yellows and oranges. A

walk in the mountains is like an adventure in colour. A good thing to do is to take a rucksack and try your luck at fishing in the numerous ponds and lakes. If you are lucky, you may come across a piece of marshland (42) _________ (to cover) with golden cloudberries, and you will find blueberries in the forests which taste wonderful with pancakes.

In spring the snow begins to retreat and the flora and fauna awaken. The rivers and waterfalls become gushing (43) ______(a torrent) which carry the melting snow from the mountains down to the fjords and out to the ocean. The sight of the fruit trees in blossom brightens up the fjords and valleys after the long winter. Norwegians start looking forward to 17 May, the (44) _________ (a country) national day.

TASK 2

45 You've got a letter from your British pen-friend. He/she writes you that he/she likes to dress well. He/she tries to buy his/her clothes at famous fashion designers' shops. But it is very expensive and his/her parents don't want to buy such clothes for him/her. Write a letter to your friend in which you:

• express your opinion about present-day fashions

• write what clothes you usually prefer to wear

• when you usually buy clothes and who help you to do the shopping

• give an advice to your friend what he/she should do in his/her situation
Write a letter of at least 100 words.

Do not write any dates and addresses.

Варіант 10 (Тренувальний тест 2010) -1-

Reading

Task 1

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