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TRANSITIONAL WORDS AND PHRASES
AND
A. Listing:
1. Enumeration indicates a cataloguing of what is being said. Most enumerations belong to clearly defined sets:
first,… furthermore,… finally,…
one,… two,… three,…
first(ly),… second(ly),… third(ly),…, etc.
| above all | } mark the end of an ascending order | |
| last but not least | ||
| first and foremost | } mark the beginning of a descending order | |
| first and most important(ly) | ||
to begin/start with,… in the second place,… moreover,… and to conclude,… next,… then,… afterward,… lastly/finally,…
2. Addition to what has been previously indicated.
a) Reinforcement (includes confirmation):
also
again
furthermore
further
moreover
what is more
then
in addition
besides
above all
too
as well (as)
b) Equation (similarity with what has preceded):
equally
likewise
similarity
correspondingly
in the same way
Note I.
either
neither
nor
not only…(but) also…
neither…nor…
From the point of view of meaning these are often the negative equivalents of and. Neither leaves the series open for further additions, whereas nor concludes it.
Note II. The truth of a previous assertion may be confirmed or contradicted by:
indeed
actually
in (actual) fact
really
in reality
B. Transition can lead to a new stage in the sequence of thought:
now
with reference/respect/regard to
regarding
let us (now) turn to…
| as for | } often used when discussing something briefly |
| as to |
incidentally
| by the way | }indicate a digression and an afterthought |
| come to think of it |
Spoken language
talking/speaking of...(informal)
| apropos (formal) | }to introduce a digression |
| that reminds me… |
OR
A.. Reformulation to express in another way:
better
rather
in other words
in that case
to put it (more) simply
B. Replacement to express an alternative to what has preceded:
again
alternatively
rather
better/worse (still)…
on other hand
the alternative is…
another possibility would be
BUT
A. Contrast with what has preceded:
instead
conversely
then
on the contrary
by (way of) contrast
in comparison
(on the other hand)…on the other hand…
B. Concession indicates the unexpected, surprising nature of what is being said in view of what was said before:
| (al)though | in any case |
| (or) else | in spite of/despite that |
| after all | nevertheless |
| all the same | nonetheless |
| at any rate | notwithstanding |
| at the same time | on the other hand |
| besides | only |
| even if/though | still |
| for all that | while |
| however | yet |
C. Summation indicates a generalization or summing-up of what has preceded:
in conclusion
to conclude
to sum up briefly
in brief
to summarize
altogether
overall
then
therefore
thus
D. Apposition used to refer back to previous sentences or to parallel or related references:
i.e., that is, that’s to say
viz., namely
in other words
or, or rather, or better
and
as follows
e.g., for example, for instance, say, such as, including, included, especially, particularly, in particular, notably, chiefly, mainly, mostly (of)
E. Result expresses the consequence or result of what has been said before:
so
therefore
as a result/consequence
the result/consequence is/was…
accordingly
consequently
now
then
because of this/that
thus
hence
for this/that reason
F. Inference indicates a deduction from what is implicit in the preceding sentence(s):
then
in other words
in that case
else
equivalent to a negative condition
otherwise
if so/not…
that implies
the conclusion is
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