Two Basic Features of MLA Style

1. In the text of your paper include the following information each time you cite a source:

the last name(s) of the author (or authors);

the page number(s) where the information is located in a print source. However, do not include the abbreviation "p." (or "pp.") or the word page (or pages).

2. At the end of your paper, include a list, alphabetized by authors' last names, of all the sources you refer to in the paper. Begin the list on a new page and title it "Works Cited"

NOTE: Use endnotes (at the end of the paper) or footnotes (at the bottom of each page or at the end of each chapter) only for supplementary comments and information, not for regular source citations.[1] Number information notes con­secutively in your text with a raised (superscript) numeral as in the previous sentence. Indent the first line of each numbered note. The following doublespaced endnote example corresponds to the superscript number above:

MLA author/page style for in-text citations

A. One author, introduced in your text The first time you mention an author in your text, give his or her full name and, in the same sentence, a brief statement about creden­tials. (Thereafter, use the author's last name.) For a print source, at the end of your text sentence, give only the page number(s) in parentheses, followed by the sentence period. Cite inclusive page numbers as follows: 35-36; 257-58; 100-01; 305-06; 299-300.

The sociologist Ruth Sidel's interviews with young women provide examples of what Sidel sees as an "impossible dream" (19).

When a quotation includes a question mark or an excla­mation point, also include a period after the citation:

Mrs. Bridge wonders, "Is my daughter mine?" (Connell 135).

B. Author not introduced in your text If you do not mention the author while introducing the reference, include the author's last name in the parentheses before the page number, with no comma between them.

Many young women, from all races and classes, have taken on the idea of the American Dream, however difficult it might be for them to achieve it (Sidel 19-20).

C. More than one author For a work with two or three authors, include all the names, either in your text sentence or in parentheses.

(Lakoff and Johnson 42)

(Hare, Moran, and Koepke 226-28)

For a work with four or more authors, use only the first author's name followed by "et al." (The Latin words et alii m ean "and others.")

Researchers have established a link between success at work and the pleasure derived from community service (Bellah et al. 196-99).

D. Author with more than one work cited Include the author and title of the work in your text sentence.

Alice Walker, in her book In Search of Our

Mothers' Gardens, describes learning about

Flannery O'Connor (43-59).

Alternatively, include in your parenthetical reference the author's last name, followed by a comma, an abbreviated form of the title, and the page number.

O'Connor's house still stands and is looked after by a caretaker (Walker, In Search 57).

E. Work in an edited anthology Cite the author of the included or reprinted work (not the editor of the anthology) and the page number in the anthology. See 10c, items 5 and 6, for examples of the entry in a works cited list.

Des Pres asserts that "heroism is not neces­sarily a romantic notion" (20).

F. Work cited indirectly in another source Use "qtd. in" (for "quoted in") at the beginning of your parenthetical citation, followed by the last name of the author of the source in which you find the reference (the indirect source) and the page number. List the indirect source in your list of works cited. With the following example, Smith would be included in the list of works cited, not Britton.

The words we use simply appear, as James Britton says, "at the point of utterance" (qtd. in Smith 108).

G. Reference to the whole work and not to one specific page Use the author's name alone.

Diaries tell us about people's everyday lives and the worlds they create (Mallon).

H. Work only one page long If an article is only one page long, cite the author's name alone; include the page number in your works cited list.

I. No author named To refer to the work in your text sentence, give the complete title. Use a short title to refer to the work mentioned in parentheses.

According to The Far East and Australasia 1996, the Buddhist calendar is the official calendar in Sri Lanka (38).

The Buddhist calendar is the official calendar in Sri Lanka (F ar East 38).

J. Electronic and Internet sources Electronic database material and Internet sources, which appear on a screen, have no stable page numbers that apply across systems or when printed. If your source as it appears on the screen in­cludes no text divisions, numbered pages, or numbered paragraphs, simply provide the author's name.

Science writer Stephen Hart describes how researchers Edward Taub and Thomas Ebert con­clude that practicing music "remaps the brain." With no page number to indicate the end of your citation, though, you must be careful to define where your citation ends and your own commentary takes over. See 9.

If possible, locate material by the internal headings of the source (for example, introduction, chapter, section). Give paragraph numbers only if they are supplied in the source, abbreviated to "par." or "pars." and then include the total number of numbered paragraphs in your works cited list.

Kay also discusses powerless rulers and argues that the world of King Edward II is presented "as an admonitory negative example for the present" (par. 3).

K. Other nonprint sources For radio or TV programs, interviews, films, computer software, recordings, and other nonprint sources, include only the title or author (or, in some cases, the interviewer, interviewee, director, per-former, or producer, and so on, corresponding to the first element of the information you provide in the entry in your list of works cited).

The director suggests that dying is not neces­sarily a depressing subject for a play (Jones).

L. Work produced by a business or corporation Give the complete name of the organization in your text or a shortened form in parentheses.

The College Entrance Examination Board (CEEB) assures students that the test "reflects the type of work you will do when you get to college" (4).

Students are assured that the tasks on the test closely resemble the tasks they will have to perform in college (College Board 4).

M. Tivo authors with the same last name Include each author's first initial, or the whole first name if the au­thors' initials are the same.

A writer can be seen as both "author" and "secretary" and the two roles can be seen as competitive (F. Smith 19).

N. Multivolume work Indicate the volume number, followed by a colon, a space, and the page number. List the number of volumes in your works cited list. (See 10c, item 11.)

Barr and Feigenbaum note that "the concept of translation from one language to another by machine is older than the computer itself" (1: 233).

O. More than one work in one citation Include all the citations, separated with semicolons. Avoid making the list too long.

The links between a name and ancestry have occupied many writers and researchers (Waters 65; Antin 188).

P. Personal communication such as a letter, an inter­view, e-mail, or a conversation In your text, give the name of the person you communicated with. In your works cited list, list the type of communication after the author or title. (See 10c, item 46.)

According to George Kane, Director of ZDNet University, online courses are often less expensive than courses in actual classrooms. Q. Classic works of literature and poetry Include in­formation so readers may locate material in whatever edi­tion they are using.

For a Novel Give the chapter number as well as the page number in the edition you used; (104; ch. 3).

For a Poem Give line numbers, not page numbers: (lines 62-73). Subsequent line references can omit the word lines. Include up to three lines of poetry in your text, separated by a slash with a space on each side (/). For four or more lines of poetry, begin on a new line and indent the whole passage ten spaces from the left, double-spaced and with no quotation marks.

For Classic Poems, such as the Iliad Give the book or part, fol­lowed by line numbers, not page numbers: (8.21-25).

For a Verse Play Give act, scene, and line numbers, using ara-bicnumerals: (Tjsmpest 4.1.156-58).

R. The Bible Give book, chapter, and verse(s) in your text—Genesis 27.29—or abbreviate the book in a parenthet­ical citation (Gen. 27.29). Do not underline the title of a book in the Bible. Include an entry in your works cited list only if you do not use the King James Version as your source.

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