Citing Internet Sources

1. Give enough information in a citation so that readers can follow the same path you took and will find the exact same source. Because such searching requires exact details, record as much of the following infor­mation as you can find:

– name of author, editor, or translator

– title of work

– any print publication information, including source and date, along with whatever information is avail­able about page numbers in the print source: the range (5-15) or the number of pages (12pp) (see also item 5, following)

– title of online site, such as the title of an online jour­nal, a scholarly project, a database, a professional Web site, a personal site (all underlined), or the name of a discussion list or forum or subscription service (not underlined)

– any version number or access number of material posted, or volume and issue number of an online journal

– date when online material was posted or updated

– name of the sponsor of the site, such as a library or university

– date when you access the source

– complete electronic address (URL) or subscription service keywords

2. Give the date you access the material as the last date in your source reference, immediately before the URL or keywords. Two dates often appear next to each other in a source reference, as in items 36 and 37: The first tells when the work was posted or updated electroni­cally; the second gives the date you find the material.

3. Treat FTP and telnet addresses in the same way as Web addresses.

4. Break a URL for a new line only after a slash. Never insert a hyphen in a Web address (a URL) and never split a protocol (e.g., http://) across lines. Always enclose a URL in angle brackets.

5. Include in your citation the page numbers for any print version of the source, but for the electronic version, in­clude page or paragraph numbers of the on-screen ver­sion only if they are indicated on the screen. Usually they are not, and the page numbers of your print-out of the source will not necessarily correspond to other print- outs. When no page or paragraph information for the online version appears on the screen, include no page or paragraph numbers in your list of references.

6. Request permission to use any graphics or e-mail postings you include in your paper.

Author. "Title of Web Page." Title of the Site. Editor. Date and/or Version Number. Name of Sponsoring Institution. Date of Access <URL>.

32. Online book or part of book Give whatever is available of the following: author, name of part, title of book, editor or translator (if applicable), print publication information, electronic publication information and date, date of access, and complete electronic address (URL).

Sherman, Chris. "Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL." SearchEngineWatch. Ed. Danny Sullivan. 24 Aug. 2004. 4 Sept. 2004 <http://searchenginewatch.com/searchday/article.php/3398511>.

33. Article in a reference database Include the title of the database, any version number, and the sponsor of the site.

"Bloomsbury group." Britannica Online. Vers. 98.2 Apr. 1998. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 7 Jan. 1999 < http://www.eb.com: 180 >.

34. Work obtained from an online subscription service Libraries subscribe to large information services such as infotrac, Ebsco Host, and Lexis-Nexis that provide abstracts and full texts of thousands of articles. Provide any print publication information, including the length (in pages) of the print version. If a URL is given, cite full details, including the same of the service, date of access, and the URL.

Borch, Brian J., and Mark J. Smith. "Pedestrian Movement and the Downtown Enclosed Shopping Center." Journal of the Ameri can Plan ning Association 59.1 (Winter 1993): 12pp. Infotrac SearchBank: Expanded Academic ASAP. 11 Jan. 1999 < http://www.searchbank.com/searchbank >.

If the service provides a direct link without giving a URL, give the name of the subscription service, date of access, and any keywords used to access the source.

"Parthenon." The Concise Columbia Electr onic Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. 1994. America Online. 9 Jan. 1999. Keywords: Reference/ Encyclopedias/Columbia Concise.

If a library subscribes to a service but does not provide a URL, give the name of the library after the service and before the date of access.

35. Article in an online journal or newsletter Give the author, title of article, title of journal, volume and issue numbers, and date of issue. Include the total number of paragraphs only if paragraphs are numbered in the source, as they are for the example that follows. End with date of ac­ cess and electronic address.

Kay, Dennis. "Marlowe, Edward II, and the Cult of Elizabeth." Early Modern Literary Studies 3.2 (Sept. 1997): 30 pars. 9 Jan. 1999 <http://www.humanities.ualberta.ca/ emls/03-2/kaymarl.html>.

36. Article in an online magazine

Benfey, Christopher. "Values, Shmalues: Don't Mistake Pieter de Hooch for a Stodgy Moralist." Slate 6 Jan. 1999. 7 Jan. 1999 < http://www.slate.com/Art/99-01-06/ Art.asp >.

37. Article in an online newspaper

Raebel, Joanna. "Personal Paths to Security." Los Angelgs Tim es 5 Jan. 19 99. 8 Jan. 1999 <http://www.latimes.com/HOME/BUSINESS/WALLSTCA/t000001014.l.html>.

38. Review, editorial, abstract, or letter in an online publication After author and title, state the type of text: Letter, Editorial, Abstract, or Rev. of... by.... Continue with details of the electronic source.

39. Scholarly project

Perseus Project. Ed. Gregory Crane. 25 Nov. 1997. Tufts U. 10 Jan. 1999 < http://www.perseus.tufts.edu >.

40. Professional site

MLA on the Web. 8 Jan. 1999. Modern Language Association of America. 12 Jan. 1999 < http://www.mla.org >.

41. Linked site If you connect to one site from another, include "Lkd." (linked from) after the details of the source you cite, followed by the title of the document you origi­nally accessed (in italics or underlined), along with any ad­ditional details necessary for linking. Follow this with the date of access and the URL.

Hansen, Randall S. "Indispensable Writing Resources." 15 Oct. 1998. Lkd. Keys for Writers. 2 Jan. 1999 <http://www.hmco.com/hmco/college/english/ raimes/frames/mlinkfrm.htm>.

42. Personal Web page If the personal Web page has a title, supply it, underlined. Otherwise, use the designation Home page.

Kuechler, Manfred. 29 Nov. 1998. Home page. 8 Jan. 1999 <http://maxweber.hunter.cuny.edu/ socio/faculty/kuech.html>.

43. Online posting on a discussion list (listserv), bulletin board service (BBS), Usenet, or. Hyperneivs Give the author's name, title of document (as written in the subject line), the words Online posting, and the date of post­ing. Follow this with the name of the forum, date of access, and URL or e-mail address. For a Usenet news group, give the name of the group, beginning with the prefix news:

Corso, Cristin. "Alternative Currents in South American Drawing." Online posting. 13 Jan. 1998. LatinoLink Bulletin Board. 8 Jan. 1999 < http://205.134.250.195 >.

Wolff, Donald. "Comma Rules." Online posting. 17 Nov. 1998. Writing Program Administration. 20 Nov. 1998 <WPA-L @ASUVM.INRE.ASU.EDU>.

Hollmann, Annette C. "Re: Prestained Standards for Western Blotting." Online posting. 7 Jan. 1999. 11 Jan. 1999 <news:bionet.cellbiol>.

44. Forwarded online posting To cite a forwarded document in an online posting, include author, title, and date, followed by Fwd. by and the name of the person forwarding the document. End with Online posting, the date of the for­warding, the name of the discussion group, date of access, and address of the discussion list.

Laurence, Pat. "WAC Resolution." 8 Jan. 1999. Fwd. by Carolyn Kirkpatrick. Online post­ing. 8 Jan. 1999. WID-TALK: A CUNY Inter­disciplinary Conversation about Writing. 10 Jan. 1999 < WID-TALK@CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU >.

45. Synchronous communication When citing a source from a MUD (multiuser domain) or a MOO (multi­ user domain, object-oriented), give the name of the person speaking or posting information, the type of event, title, date, forum, date of access, and telnet address or, preferably, a URL for archived material.

Delker, Natalie. Vertical file. "Cyborg Bibliography." Nov. 1997. LinguaMOO. 9 Jan. 1998 <http://lingua.utdallas.edu.-7000/4125>.

46. Personal e-mail message Describe the type of message after the title (if available) or after the author's name.

Kane, George. "Writing handbooks." E-mail to the author. 13 Jan. 1999.

47. Other electronic sources Identify online inter­ views, maps, charts, film clips, sound recordings, works of art, cartoons, and advertisements as you would sources that are not online (see items 49-57); then add electronic publi­cation information, date of access, and the URL. For online transcripts of television and radio programs, include the word Transcript after the date of broadcast.

OTHER SOURCES

48. Letter, personal communication, or interview Identify the type of communication (e.g., personal inter­ view) after the author's name.

Rogan, Helen. Letter to the author. 3 Feb. 1999. Gingold, Alfred. Telephone interview. 10 May 1999.

Cite a published letter the same way as a work in an anthol­ogy. Include the page numbers for the letter.

Bishop, Elizabeth. "To Robert Lowell." 26 Nov. 1951. One Art: Letters. Ed. Robert Giroux. New York: Farrar, 1994. 224-26.

49. Published or broadcast interview For print, radio, or TV interviews that have no title, include the word Interview after the name of the person interviewed, fol­lowed by the bibliographical information for the source.

Griffith, Melanie. Interview. Charlie Rose. PBS. WNET, New York. 14 Jan. 1999.

50. Map or chart Underline the title of the map or chart, and include the designation after the title.

Auyercjne/Limousin. Map. Paris: Michelin, 1996.

51. Film or video List the title, director, performers, and other pertinent information. End with the name of the distributor and the year of distribution.

A civil Action. Dir. Steven Zaillian. Perf. John Travolta and Robert Duvall. Touchstone Pictures and Paramount, 1998.

52. Television or radio program Give the title of the program; pertinent information about performers, writer, producer, moderator, or director; the network; and the local station and date of broadcast.

Mystery! "Cadfael 4: The Potter's Field." With Derek Jacobi. PBS. WNET, New York. 21 Jan. 1999.

53. Sound recording List the composer or author, the title of the work, the names of the artists, the production company, and the date. If the medium is not a compact disc, indicate "Audiocassette," "Audiotape," or "LP" before the name of the production company.

Scarlatti, Doir.enico. Keyboard Sonatas. Andras Schiff, piano. London, 1989.

Walker, Alice. Interview with Kay Bonetti. Audiocassette. Columbia: American Audio Prose Library, 1981.

54. Live performance Give the title of the play, the author, pertinent information about the director and perform­ ers, the theater, the location, and the date of performance. If you are citing an individual's role in the work, begin your citation with the person's name.

Wit. By Margaret Edson. Dir. Derek Anson Jones. Perf. Kathleen Chalfant. Union Square Theater, New York. 12 Jan. 1999.

Jones, Derek Anson, dir. Wit. By Margaret Edson. Perf. Kathleen Chalfant. Union Square Theater, New York. 12 Jan. 1999.

55. Work of art List the name of the artist, the title of the work, and the museum or gallery and its location.

Johns, Jasper. Racing Tho ughts. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York.

56. Cartoon Include the label Cartoon. Follow this with the usual information about the source and give the page number on which the cartoon appears.

Chast, Roz. "1998: A Look Back." Cartoon. New Yorker 7 and 14 Dec. 1998: 140-43.

57. Advertisement Give the name of the product or company, followed by the word Advertisement and publica­tion information. If a page is not numbered, write "n. pag."

Viagra. Advertisement. Time 11 Jan. 1999: n. pag.

Literature Used

1. Axelrod R.B. and Cooper Ch.R. The St. Martin’s Guide to Writing. 4th ed. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994. 788 p.

2. Baker Sh. The practical Stylist. 6th ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1985. 290p.

3. Conrad R. Process & Practice. 5^th ed. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, 1997. 252 p.

4. Jordan R. R. Academic Writing Course. Edinburg: Longman, 1996. 144p.

5. Maclin A. Reference Guide to English: a Handbook of English as a Second Language. Washington: s. n., 1996. 405 p.

6. Swales M. J. Academic Writing for Graduate Students: Essential Tasks and Skills. Ann Arbor: the University of Michigan press, 1997. 252 p.

7. Trzeciak J. and Mackay S.E. Study Skills for Academic Writing: Student's Book. New York: Phoenix ELT, 1994. 120 p.

8. Яхонтова Т.В. Основи англомовного наукового письма: навчальний посібник для студентів, аспірантів і науковців. – Львів: ПАІС, 2003. – 218 с.

[1] However, both MLA and The Chicago Manual of Style describe alternative systems of citation that do use footnotes or endnotes.

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